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Robert Williams’s grandson John was kidnapped by Indians in the infamous Deerfield Indian raid of 1704 and held for two years. John Williams’s book about his experiences inspired James Fenimore Cooper’s Last of the Mohicans. Other direct descendants of Robert Williams include Louisa May Alcott, the Wright Brothers, Ephraim Williams, founder of Williams College, General George B. McClellan, and Eli Whitney.

137 At lunch, he sat Williams: Letter from Edward Van Ingen to Theodore Roosevelt, March 27, 1902, Series 1, Reel 25, TR.

137 Roosevelt always had: John Morton Blum, The Republican Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1954), 12–13.

137 Roosevelt felt: Roosevelt, 57–63.

138 Williams informed Roosevelt: Letter from William Williams to Theodore Roosevelt, August 8, 1902, Series 1, TR.

138 The cases of Murray and Braun: Letter from James Sheffield to William Williams, April 29, 1915, Williams Papers, WW-NYPL.

139 Murray replaced McSweeney: Letter from Terence V. Powderly to Robert Watchorn, March 22, 1902, Letterbook 79, Box 153, TVP.

140 Williams let nothing: “Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration,” 1902, 56.

140 Others also felt: Letter from William Williams to Senator Thomas Platt, May 26, 1902, WW-NYPL.

140 Nor would the abusive: Letter from William Williams to N. J. Sparkling, May 26, 1903; Letter from Williams to John Bell, gateman at Ellis Island, November 3, 1903, WW-NYPL.

141 To protect immigrants: Letter from Herbert Parsons to William Williams, April 3, 1902, WW-NYPL; “Annual Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration,” 1902, 56.

142 New bids were put out: Letter from William Williams to Theodore Roosevelt, June 24, 1902, WW-NYPL.

142 Williams even tackled: NYT, July 12, 1903.

143 In addition to: Letter from William Williams to Theodore Roosevelt, September 17, 1902, Series 1, TR.

143 Roosevelt then ordered: Letter from William Williams to Theodore Roosevelt, February 4, 1903, Series 1, TR.

144 Because of an electoral: BG, June 27, 1903.

144 The case took on: Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elihu Root, October 3, 1903; Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Curtis Guild, Junior, October 20, 1903, Morison, ed., Letters, vol. 610–611, 633–634.

144 The case remained: NYT, December 10, 1903.

144 Though McSweeney tried: Letter from William Williams to Theodore Roosevelt, February 4, 1903, Series 1, TR; BG, June 15, 1904; BH, July 11, September 18, 1903.

145 As McSweeney was: Francis E. Leupp, The Man Roosevelt (New York: Appleton, 1904), 136.

145 Shortly after his dismissal: Watchorn, Autobiography, 92.

145 These were difficult: Letter from Terence V. Powderly to Robert Watchorn, July 4, 1902, Letterbook 79, Box 153; Terence V. Powderly to T. L. Lee, July 7, 1902, Letterbook 80, Box 153, TVP.

146 Powderly’s depression: Letter from Robert Watchorn to George R. Cullen, May 18, 1903, TVP.

146 But Roosevelt had not: Letter from Robert Watchorn to Terence V. Powderly, September 5, 1903, Box 128, TVP; Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Philander Chase Knox, August 1, 1903, Morison, ed., Letters, vol. 3, 538–539.

146 Nothing came of: Letter from Terence V. Powderly to John N. Parsons, October 25, 1904, TVP.

146 On October 23: NYT, October 24, 1903; March 14, 1904.

147 Goldman called: Candace Falk, ed., Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, vol. 2: Making Speech Free, 1902–1909 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 121–123.

147 Writing from his: John Turner, “The Protest of an Anarchist,” Independent, December 24, 1903.

148 Turner certainly had: U.S. Ex Rel. Turner v. Williams, U.S. 279 (1904). For more on the Turner case, see Daniel Kanstroom, Deportation Nation: Outsiders in American History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 136–138 and David Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press, 2003), 108–109.

CHAPTER EIGHT: FIGHTING BACK

150 Williams’s appointment: Letter from William Williams to Prescott F. Hall, December 27, 1902, File 999, IRL.

150