American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [251]
171 As part of his: David Nasaw, The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst (Boston: Mariner Books, 2000), 207–209.
171 The Bureau of: Oscar Straus, Under Four Administrations: From Cleveland to Taft (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1922), 216; Letter from Oscar Straus to Robert Watchorn, December 30, 1907, OS.
171 On the morning of: Oscar Straus Diary, 3, Box 22, OS.
172 Some cases were: Straus, Under Four Administrations, 216–217. 172 “I would be less than human”: Cohen, A Dual Heritage, 154–155. 172 Straus made his: Oscar Straus Diary, 67–68, Box 22, OS; NYT, May 22, 1907. Robert Watchorn discusses the same story in his autobiography, but some of the details are different. Watchorn, Autobiography, 132–135.
172 Straus made yet: “Report of Conference held at the Ellis Island Immigration Station,” June 15, 1908, File 51831-101, INS.
174 The case hinged: The Department of Commerce and Labor debated this issue in 1909 and 1914. See File 52745-4, INS.
174 With this in mind: Letter from Oscar Straus to Robert Watchorn, June 21, 1907, Letterbook 8, Box 20, OS.
175 “Not only must we treat”: President Theodore Roosevelt, “Sixth Annual Message to Congress,” December 3, 1906.
175 While many worried: Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Lyman Abbott, May 29, 1908, in Morison, ed., Letters, vol. 6, 1042.
175 Throughout the first decade: “National Liberal Immigration League,” File 1125, Folder 1, IRL.
175 The pro-immigrant group: Rivka Shpak Lissak, “The National Liberal Immigration League and Immigration Restriction, 1906–1917,” American Jewish Archives, Fall/Winter 1994; Neuringer, American Jewry, 53–54.
176 The public debate: Charities, December 16, 1905. While Secretary of Commerce and Labor, Straus told a reporter: “The restriction for the purpose of excluding the diseased, the criminal and other undesirable classes that have been incorporated in our laws, are salutary and wise.” NYT, November 17, 1907. 176 Closer to the: NYT, January 7, 1907.
176 As an official: Steiner, On the Trail, 93.
176 Not only did Watchorn: NYT, May 12, 14, August 12, 15, 1905, February 9, March 17, November 9, 1906; Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to James S. Clarkson, October 3, 1905, in Morison, ed., Letters, vol. 5, 43–44; Marcus Braun, Immigration Abuses: Glimpses of Hungary and Hungarians (New York: Pearson Advertising Co., 1906); Gunther Peck, Reinventing Free Labor: Padrones and Immigrant Workers in the North American West, 1880–1930 (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 92–93.
177 Theodore Roosevelt showed: Cowen, Memories, 187–188. According to Cowen’s translation of the article, Hitler argued that Jews were behind America’s restrictive immigration quotas in force at the time, believing they wanted to keep out Gentile immigrants while “the Jews are always coming in new swarms.” Nothing could be further from the truth, since the American Jewish community was a loud opponent of immigration quotas and Jewish immigrants were severely affected by them.
178 La Guardia was clearly: Letter from Louis K. Pittman, December 3, 1985, Public Health Service Archives, Rockville, MD.
178 La Guardia found: Fiorello H. La Guardia, The Making of an Insurgent: An
Autobiography, 1882–1919 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1948), 62–75; “Efficiency Report for Fiorello H. La Guardia,” June 12, 1909, Folder 8, Box 26C7, FLG.
178 An acquaintance of: Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York (New York: Penguin, 1989), 24–26; Arthur Mann, La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Times, 1882–1933 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959), 44–49.
179 In the early years: For examples of photographs of immigrants, see The World’s Wo r k, February 1901; Outlook, December 28, 1907; NYT, March 11, 1906.
180 Lewis Hine was one: On Lewis Hine, see Karl Steinorth, ed., Lewis Hine: Passionate Journey (Zurich: Edition Stemmle, 1996); America & Lewis Hine: Photographs, 1904–1940 (New York: Aperture, 1977); and Maren Stange, Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary