American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [265]
305 Howe spoke out: NYT, June 11, 1915.
305 Even the Times: NYT, June 21, 1916.
306 Even Howe’s choice: Sandra Adickes, To Be Young Was Very Heaven: Women in New York Before the First World War (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997), 59–61, 151.
306 Randolph Bourne believed: Randolph S. Bourne, “Trans-national America,” Atlantic, July 1916. See also, David A. Hollinger, Postethnic America: Beyond Multiculturalism (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
307 For Bourne: “Americanization,” New Republic, January 29, 1916.
307 The president had: Arthur S. Link, Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace, 1916–1917 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965), 327–328.
308 The literacy test: Letter from Byron Uhl to Fiorello La Guardia, June 16, 1917, Folder 8, Box 26C7, FLG; NYT, March 28, 1917.
308 Instead of rejoicing: Barbara Miller Solomon, Ancestors and Immigrants: A Changing New England Tradition (New York: Wiley, 1956), 202.
309 The targeting of Germans: NYT, April 7, 1917, August 2, 1918; Witcover, Sabotage, 66–67.
309 Then there was: NYT, December 10, 1915, September 23, 24, 1917, September 2, 3, 1918; “Brewing and Liquor Interests and German Propaganda,” Hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Sixty-Fifth Congress, Second Session.
CHAPTER FIFTEEN: REVOLUTION
311 As the train approached: NYT, February 10, 1919; Letter from A. D. H. Jackson to Anthony Caminetti, February 13, 1919, File 54235-36C, INS. There are differing accounts of the number of radicals sent from Seattle to New York. One account lists forty-five radicals, while another counts thirty-six with two more joining the group along the train route. The Jackson letter and a letter from immigration officials in Seattle corroborate that the number of radicals leaving Seattle was forty-seven. Letter from John H. Sargent, acting commissioner of immigration in Seattle to Commissioner General of Immigration Anthony Caminetti, February 7, 1919 in “I.W.W. Deportation Cases,” Hearings before a House Subcommittee of the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, 66th Congress, Second Session, April 27–30, 1920. For the other numbers, see Robert K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), 194–195, and William Preston Jr., Aliens and Dissenters: Federal Suppression of Radicals, 1903–1933 (New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1963), 198–201.
312 The train arrived: Letter from A. D. H. Jackson to Anthony Caminetti, February 13, 1919, File 54235-36C, INS; NYT, February 10, 1919.
312 When the Red Special: New York Call, February 18, 1919.
312 Attorneys Caroline Lowe: Charles Recht, unpublished autobiography, Chapter 10, Folder 18, Box 1, Collection 176, CR; Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, 200.
312 In contrast to: New York Call, February 20, 1919.
312 The detainees were: NYTrib, February 21, 1919.
313 McDonald and the other: Frederic C. Howe, The Confessions of a Reformer (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967), 274–275.
313 Howe was swimming: Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, 182–183; “The Deportations,” Survey, February 22, 1919.
313 This expansion of the law: Memo from Thomas Fisher, Immigration Inspector, to Henry W. White, Commissioner of Immigration, Seattle, Washington, August 24, 1918; Letter from Henry W. White to Anthony Caminetti, August 28, 1918, File 54235-36B, INS.
314 Though he was out: Memo from John M. Abercrombie to All Commissioners of Immigration and Inspectors in Charge, March 14, 1919, File No. 54235-36B, INS.
314 For those Red Special: Preston, Aliens and Dissenters, 204–205. 314 Martin de Wal: Survey, May 17, June 14, 1919.
315 In the middle of this: NYT, June 3, 4, 5, 1919.
315 Howe was not: Memo from A. Warner Parker to Anthony Caminetti, April 17, 1919, File 54235-85B, INS.
316 The attacks on: Congressional Record, 66th Congress, 1st session, 1522–1524; Arthur Mann, La Guardia: A Fighter Against His Times, 1882–1933 (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1959), 101.
316 During this second hearing: “Conditions at Ellis Island,” Hearing before