American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [266]
317 Back inside: “Conditions at Ellis Island,” 29–30.
317 The press had a field day: LD, December 13, 1919; NYW, November 25, 1919. 318 With Secretary Wilson: Kenneth D. Ackerman, Young J. Edgar: Hoover, the Red Scare, and the Assault on Civil Liberties (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2007), 50–59, 112. William N. Vayle [sic], “Before the Buford Sailed,” NYT, January 11, 1920.
318 If the earlier roundups: Letter from Francis G. Caffey to Frederic C. Howe, July 12, 1917, Folder R57, EG.
318 Beginning in 1907: Oscar Straus Diary, March 6, 1908, 165–166, Box 22, OS. 318 For two years: Candace Falk (ed.), Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years, vol. 2, Making Speech Free, 1902–1909 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 66–68, 254–257.
319 As Julius Goldman: File 54235-30, INS.
320 When released from jail: “Deportation Hearing of Emma Goldman,” Ellis Island, NY, October 27, and November 12, 1919, Folder 63R, EG. 320 Detained at Ellis Island: File 54709-449, INS; Constantine Panunzio, The Deportation Cases of 1919–1920 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1970), 60–62. 321 Apart from the: “Deportation: Its Meaning and Menace, Last Message to the People of America by Alexander Berkman and Emma Goldman,” Ellis Island, New York, U.S.A., December 1919, LOC.
322 In his waning: John Lombardi, Labor’s Voice in the Cabinet: A History of the Department of Labor from its Origin to 1921 (New York: AMS Press, 1968), 132; Louis F. Post, “Living a Long Life Over Again,” 309, 322, unpublished manuscript, LOC.
322 Post complained: Louis F. Post, “Administrative Decisions in Connection with Immigration,” American Political Science Review 10 (May 1916). 323 Still in office: Louis F. Post, The Deportations Delirium of Nineteen-Twenty (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1923), 1–27.
323 Post found that: Emma Goldman, Living My Life, vol. 2 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1931), chapter 51.
323 Collecting their things: Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman in Exile: From the Russian Revolution to the Spanish Civil War (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), 13–15. For more on Goldman’s deportation, see Candace Serena Falk, Love, Anarchy and Emma Goldman (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1984), 181–182, and Alice Wexler, Emma Goldman: An Intimate Life, (New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), 271–276; Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 160.
324 Colorado congressman: Vayle, “Before the Buford Sailed.” A slightly different version of this account appears in Congressional Record, January 5, 1920.
324 It must have been: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 160.
325 Upon arrival at: Post, The Deportations Delirium, 27.
325 The press was quick: Letter from F. W. Berkshire, Supervising Inspector to Anthony Caminetti, Commissioner General of Immigration, February 11, 1920, File 54235-36G, INS; LD, January 3, 1920; Post, The Deportations Delirium, 7.
325 “One could not imagine”: NYT, December 22, 1919.
325 A few years before: Bugajewitz v. Adams, 228 U.S. 585 (1913).
326 Post made enemies: Ackerman, Young J. Edgar, 274–276.
326 At the height: Panunzio, The Deportation Cases of 1919–1920, 16; Jane Perry Clark, Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 225.
328 When the war ended: Fred Howe believed that big business was behind the war and repeatedly tried to convince Wilson of his theory that “it was not the Kaiser, nor the Czar, but the imperialistic adventurers who had driven their countries into conflict. Secret diplomacy, the conflict of bankers, the activity of munition-makers, exploiters, and concessionaires in the Mediterranean, in Morocco, in south and central Africa, had brought on the cataclysm; glacial-like aggregations of capital and credit were responsible for the war.” Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, 287.
328 No one felt: Howe, Confessions of a Reformer, 279–282.
328 To Howe, the brutality: Frederic C. Howe, “Lynch Law and the Immigrant Alien,” Nation, February 14, 1920.
329 Before