American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [267]
CHAPTER SIXTEEN: QUOTAS
330 Immigration officials stationed: NYT, July 2, 1923; Henry H. Curran, Pillar to Post (New York: Scribner’s, 1941), 287–288.
331 Restrictionists had long: “Plain Remarks on Immigration for Plain Americans,” SP, February 12, 1921.
331 Americans feared that: LD, December 18, 1920; Lothrop Stoddard, “The Permanent Menace from Europe,” in Madison Grant and Charles Steward Davison, eds., The Alien in Our Midst or Selling Our Birthright for a Mess of Pottage (New York: Galton, 1930), 226.
332 “The influx of aliens”: NYT, November 27, 1920.
332 This was all too: NYT, November 17, 1920.
333 As Congress moved: “The League’s Numerical Limitation Bill,” Publications of the Immigration Restriction League, No. 69, IRL.
333 Hall lived long: Immigration and Other Interests of Prescott Farnsworth Hall, compiled by Mrs. Prescott F. Hall, (New York: Knickerbocker Press, 1922).
334 If one of those ships: NYT, August 1, September 2, 1923.
334 A major backbone: Desmond King, Making Americans: Immigration, Race, and the Origins of the Diverse Democracy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 112.
334 The National German-American: Charles Thomas Johnson, Culture at Twilight: The National German-American Alliance, 1901–1918 (New York: Peter Lang, 1999), 102, 104–107, 118; NYT, March 8, 1916.
335 The growing popularity: Prescott F. Hall, “Immigration and World Eugenics,” Publications of the Immigration Restriction League, No. 71, IRL. Mark Snyderman and R. J. Herrnstein argue that intelligence testing had little effect on the passage of immigration quotas, while Leon Kamin argues the opposite. Mark Snyderman and R. J. Herrnstein, “Intelligence Tests and the Immigration Act of 1924,” American Psychologist, September 1983; Leon Kamin, The Science and Politics of I.Q. (Potomac, MD: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1974). Those taking a more nuanced view include Steven A. Gelb, Garland E. Allen, Andrew Futterman, and Barry A. Mehler, “Rewriting Mental Testing History: The View from the American Psychologist,” Sage Race Relations Abstracts, May 1986; and Franz Samelson, “Putting Psychology on the Map: Ideology and Intelligence Testing,” in Allan R. Buss, ed., Psychology in Social Context (New York: Irvington, 1979), 135–136. Stephen Jay Gould seems to want to have it both ways, arguing that immigration restriction was inevitable in the 1920s even without eugenics, but that “the timing, and especially the peculiar character, of the 1924 Restriction Act [sic] clearly reflected the lobbying of scientists and eugenicists.” Stephen Jay Gould, Hen’s Teeth and Horse’s Toes (New York: W.W. Norton, 1983), 301, and Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), 261–262.
335 Madison Grant’s: Madison Grant, “The Racial Transformation of America,” NAR, March 1924; Madison Grant, “America for the Americans,” Forum, September 1925.
335 “These immigrants adopt”: SP, May 7, 1921.
336 Such views were: SP, February 28, 1920; February 12, May 7, November 26, 1921.
336 America’s postwar: File 53986-43, INS.
338 His new job: Curran, Pillar to Post, 285–286.
338 “It was a poor place”: Curran, Pillar to Post, 291–296.
338 There was little that: Outlook, November 2, 1921; Delineator, March 1921. 338 Complaints by the British: Von Briesen Commission Report, 1903, File 52727/2, INS; Curran, Pillar to Post, 309.
339 Even Fred Howe: Frederic C. Howe, Confessions of a Reformer (Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1967), 257–258.
339 The British seemed: NYT, July 29, 1923.
339 A female British journalist: LD, August 4, 1923.
339 There had been: NYT, July 2, 1923; LD, September 22, 1923; Rex Hunter, “Eight Days on Ellis Island,” Nation, October 28, 1925.
340 What the British: NYT, December 19, 1922.
340 Yet this was not: “Despatch [sic] from H.M. Ambassador at Washington reporting on Conditions at Ellis Island Immigration Station,” 1923, NYPL. 341 Curran dismissed: Henry H. Curran, “Fewer and Better,” SP, Nov. 15, 1924; Curran, 298–299.
341 Curran admitted: