American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [268]
341 Though this made: Curran, Pillar to Post, 296–297.
342 The shifting of inspection: William E. Chandler, “Consular Certificates for Intending Immigrants,” Independent, October 1, 1891.
342 Fiorello La Guardia: Letter from Fiorello La Guardia to Anthony Caminetti, September 9, 1916, Folder 8, Box 26C7, FLG.
342 Though La Guardia: Thomas Kessner, Fiorello H. La Guardia and the Making of Modern New York (New York: Penguin Books, 1989), 120–124.
343 These new quotas: Roger Daniels, Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants Since 1882 (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 56–57. 343 Stricter quotas led to: Letter from James J. Davis, Secretary of Labor to President Warren G. Harding, April 16, 1923, Folder 5, File 75, WGH; “President Calvin Coolidge’s Remarks at Governor’s Conference at the White House,” October 20, 1923, Series 1, File 52, CC.
343 Deportations also increased: Jane Perry Clark, Deportation of Aliens from the United States to Europe (New York: Columbia University Press, 1931), 29.
344 To rectify the situation: For a discussion of the national origins plan, see King, Making Americans, 204–228 and NYT, June 30, 1929; Harry H. Laughlin, “The Control of Trends in the Racial Composition of the American People,” in Grant and Davison, eds., The Alien in Our Midst or Selling Our Birthright for a Mess of Pottage.
344 The commission calculated: NYT, August 7, 1925.
344 Edward F. McSweeney: For more on the “history wars” of the 1920s and McSweeney’s role, see Jonathan Zimmerman, “Each ‘Race’ Could Have Its Heroes Sung: Ethnicity and the History Wars in the 1920s,” Journal of American History 87, no, 1 (June 2000), and Christopher J. Kauffman, “Edward McSweeney, the Knights of Columbus, and the Irish-American Response to Anglo-Saxonism, 1900–1925,” American Catholic Studies 114, no. 4 (Winter 2003). See also, NYT, September 8, 1921, June 9, 1923, and BG, July 10, 1921.
345 More substantively: W. E. Burghardt Du Bois, The Gift of Black Folk: The Negroes in the Making of America (Boston: Stratford, 1924) and David Levering Lewis, W. E. B. Du Bois: The Fight for Equality and the American Century, 1919– 1963 (New York: Henry Holt, 2000), 95–96.
345 To a pro-immigration: NYT, August 7, 1925. See also Edward F. McSweeney, “The Immigration Act of 1924: Fallaciousness of the ‘National Origins’ Theory,” Journal of the American-Irish Historical Society 223 (1926).
345 In the late afternoon: Framingham News, November 17, 19, 1928.
346 Powderly had once: T. V. Powderly, “Immigration’s Menace to the National Health,” NAR, July 1902; Letter from Terence V. Powderly to Frederick Wallis, September 9, 1920, Box 139, TVP.
346 Freed from the burdens: Vincent J. Falzone, Terence V. Powderly: Middle-Class Reformer (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1978), 191–193.
346 Powderly was not: Henry H. Goddard, “Feeblemindedness: A Question of Definition,” American Association for the Study of the Feeble Minded: Proceedings and Addresses 33 (1928); Leila Zenderland, Measuring Minds: Henry Herbert Goddard and the Origins of American Intelligence Testing (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 325–327; Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 202–204.
347 By the time: Edward Alsworth Ross, Seventy Years of It: An Autobiography (New York: Appleton-Century, 1936), 275–277.
347 Nine-year-old Edoardo Corsi: Edward Corsi, In the Shadow of Liberty (New York: Arno Press, 1969), 3–7, 22. As proof that the memory of immigrants, like all memory, is usually fuzzy around the edges, Corsi’s account of his family’s arrival is slightly off. The Corsi family arrived in November 1906, not October 1907 as Corsi notes, meaning that Edward was nine years old, not ten. Also, young Edward is listed as “Nerino Corsi” on the steamship list.
348 Those days were: LD, February 24, 1934; “Report of the Ellis Island Committee,” March 1934.
348 The 1930s would: LD, February 24, 1934.
349 The combination of: Corsi, In the Shadow of Liberty, 95.
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