American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [269]
350 “Herzlich Willkommen!”: Arnold Krammer, Undue Process: The Untold Story of America’s German Alien Internees (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 1997), 10–11, 25–26, 30. For more on the issue, see John Christgau, “Enemies”: World War II Alien Internment (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1985).
351 On December 8, 1941: Memo from Major Lemuel B. Schofield to J. Edgar Hoover, December 8, 1941, File 56125-29, INS.
351 Some of the internees: Jerre Mangione, An Ethnic At Large: A Memoir of America in the Thirties and Forties (New York: Putnam’s, 1978), 321.
352 A large number of enemy: File 56125-29, INS; “Harbor Camp for Enemy Aliens,” NYTM, January 25, 1942. See also “The Detention of Krauss,” New Yor ker, March 6, 1943.
352 The Office of Strategic Services: The OSS report and other related documents can be found in File 56125-86, INS.
353 Hoover was right: Not to be outdone, Hoover later placed his own FBI agents among the detainees at Ellis Island. According to a German who was temporarily detained at Ellis Island: “You see, there were FBI men scattered among us as observers. You don’t know them, and once a roommate I’d had for a month or more left, and one of the guards told me that fellow had been an FBI man on duty.” “The Detention of Krauss,” New Yorker, March 6, 1943.
353 One Justice Department official: File 56125-86, INS.
354 Although Bishop was taken: NYT, January 15, 1940. On the Christian Front, see Theodore Irwin, “Inside the Christian Front,” Forum, March 1940, and Ronald H. Bayor, Neighbors in Conflict: The Irish, Germans, Jews, and Italians of New York City, 1929–1941 (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 97–104.
355 One of them was: On the Pinza case, see NYT, March 13, 1942; Ezio Pinza, An Autobiography (New York: Rinehart, 1958), 202–228; Sarah Goodyear, “When Being Italian Was a Crime,” Village Voice, April 11, 2000; “Statement of Doris L. Pinza,” Subcommittee on the Constitution, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. House of Representatives, October 26, 1999.
356 The other half: Rose Marie Neupert, “The Neupert Family Story,” http://www. gaic.info/real_neupert.html.
356 Most of the detainees: NYT, September 23, 1942. For more on these camps, see Mangione, An Ethnic At Large, 319–352.
357 By March 1946: Stephen Fox, Fear Itself: Inside the FBI Roundup of German Americans During World War II (New York: iUniverse, Inc., 2005), 327–328.
357 One of those not holding up: On the story of the Hackenbergs, see Fox, Fear Itself, 325–332.
357 Hundreds of these enemy aliens: NYT, January 3, 1947; Letter from Rosina and Max Rapp to Senator William Langer, July 23, 1947, Folder 12, Box 214, WL.
358 The Fuhr family: On the Fuhr family, see Fox, Fear Itself, 109–126.
358 While in custody: Fox, Fear Itself, 114, 122.
359 Langer introduced a bill: Senate Bill 1749, July 26, 1947, 80th Congress, 1st Session; Fox, Fear Itself, 124–126; Eberhard E. Fuhr, “My Internment by the U.S. Government,” http://www.gaic.info/real_fuhr.html.
359 One of those not on Langer’s list: Sworn Statement of William Langer, August 1947, Folder 9, Box 214, WL; Senate Bill 1083, April 10, 1947, 80th Congress, 1st Session; NYT, September 11, 1947.
359 At the end of June 1948: Ahrens v. Clark, 335 U.S. 188 (1948); NYT, July 7, 8, 1948; Fox, Fear Itself, 140.
359 In the following weeks: Fox, Fear Itself, 329–333; NYT, November 17, 1945. For lists of German detainees and the disposition of their cases, see Folder 1, Box 257, WL.
360 Although exact numbers: On the number of enemy alien detainees, see Krammer, Undue Process, 171. Two websites document the experience of German internment during World War II: the German American Internee Coalition, http://www.gaic.info/index.html, and http://www.foitimes.com/. 360 The bill also granted: On the McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950, see Michael J. Ybarra, Washington Gone Crazy: Senator Pat McCarran and the Great American Communist Hunt (Hanover, NH: Steerforth Press, 2004) 509–534. 361 President Truman came out: “Text of President’s Message Vetoing the Communist-Control