American Passage_ The History of Ellis I - Vincent J. Cannato [270]
361 Embarrassed at having: W. L. White, “The Isle of Detention,” American Mercury, May 1951.
361 Gulda arrived at: NYT, October 9, 1950; Time, October 23, 1950; Newsweek, Oct. 23, 1950; A. H. Raskin, “New Role for Ellis Island,” NYTM, November 12, 1950.
362 The law also affected: Letter from Arthur A. Sweberg to President Harry Truman, March 22, 1951; Letter from Mrs. Josephine Mazzeo to President Harry Truman, March 28, 1951, Folder 2750-C Misc, Box 1717, HST. 362 George Voskovec: New Yorker, May 12, 1951; NYT, December 4, 1950. 362 As Truman predicted: NYT, March 22, 1951.
363 Upon his release: NYT, April 3, 1951; New Yorker, May 12, 1951. 363 Voskovec would later: NYT, November 13, 1955.
363 When Ellen arrived: Ellen Raphael Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story (New York: W.W. Norton, 1952), 8.
364 The government’s case: The case against Ellen Knauff is summarized in Memorandum for the President from J. Howard McGrath, Attorney General, received July 14, 1950, Justice Department Folder, Box 22, HST.
364 It would be more: Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story, 29.
365 The Court relied on: Knauff v. Shaughnessy, 338 U.S. 537 (1950); David Cole, Enemy Aliens: Double Standards and Constitutional Freedoms in the War on Terrorism (New York: New Press, 2003), 136–137; Charles D. Weisselberg, “The Exclusion and Detention of Aliens: Lessons from the Lives of Ellen Knauff and Ignatz Mezei,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review 143, no. 4 (April 1995). 366 Having lost: NYT, May 18, 1950.
366 In the meantime: Time, April 17, 1950.
366 In the spring of 1950: Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story, 138.
366 The press attention: Memo for Charles Rose from Edward A. Harris, June 15, 1950; Memo for Steve Spingarn from Harry S. Truman, June 17, 1950, Justice Department Folder, Box 22, HST.
367 The Justice Department stalled: Memorandum for Peyton Ford, Deputy Attorney General from Steve Spingarn, August 2, 1950; Memorandum for Peyton Ford, Deputy Attorney General from Steve Spingarn, September 25, 1950, Justice Department Folder, Box 22, HST.
367 However, the Justice Department: NYT, February 28, 1950; Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story, 81.
368 It took the board members: NYT, March 27, 1951.
368 By the end of August: U.S. Department of Justice, Board of Immigration Appeals, File A-6937471, reprinted in Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story. 368 McGrath released: NYT, November 3, 1951.
369 However, there were: NYT, July 3, 1953; Knauff, The Ellen Knauff Story, 54. 369 Though she ultimately: Anthony Lewis, “Security and Liberty: Preserving the Values of Freedom,” in Richard C. Leone and Greg Anrig Jr., The War on Our Freedoms: Civil Liberties in an Age of Terrorism (New York: Public Affairs, 2003), 72.
369 The widespread sympathy: For the story of C. L. R. James and his detention at Ellis Island, see C. L. R. James, Mariners, Renegades, and Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In, reprint (London: Allison & Busby, 1985), 132–173; Emily Eakin, “Embracing the Wisdom of a Castaway,” NYT, August 4, 2001; Farrukh Dhondy, C. L. R. James: A Life (New York: Pantheon, 2001), 107–111.
371 Mezei was not: On the Mezei case, see Cole, Enemy Aliens, 138–139; Weisselberg, “The Exclusion and Detention of Aliens”; Richard A. Serrano, “Detained, Without Details,” Los Angeles Times, December 21, 2005.
372 The next step: Shaughnessy v. Mezei, 345 U.S. 206 (1953).
373 A defeated Mezei: NYT, April 23, 1953.
374 The government had a strong: Weisselberg, “The Exclusion and Detention of Aliens,” 975–978. Many years later, Mezei’s stepdaugher remembered how Ignatz would enlist his stepchildren to hand out Communist leaflets on election day. Richard A. Serrano, “Detained, Without Details,” Los Angeles Times, December 21, 2005.
374 Whereas Knauff was: Weisselberg, “The Exclusion and Detention of Aliens,” 979.
374 The special three-man board: Weisselberg, “The Exclusion and Detention of Aliens,” 983–984.
375 By 1954, Ellis Island: NYT, December 6, 1954.
375 On Veterans Day: NYT, November 12, 13, 1954.
376 “They rewarded