Arrival City_ How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World - Doug Saunders [176]
8 Narayan, Pritchett and Kapoor, Moving Out of Poverty, 223–72.
9 Recent exposés of the failure of aid include Dambisa Moyo, Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is Another Way for Africa (London: Allen Lane, 2009); William Easterly, The White Man’s Burden: Why the West’s Efforts to Aid the Rest Have Done So Much Ill and So Little Good (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). For a more balanced discussion of the flaws and potentials of foreign aid, see Paul Collier, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).
10 Smolka and de A. Larangeira, “Informality and Poverty in Latin American Urban Policies.”
11 María Mercedes Maldonado Copello, “Operación urbanistica Nuevo Usme: provision de suelo urbanizado para vivienda social, a partir de la redistribution social de plusvilias” (Bogota: The World Bank, 2005): Lucgom, “Operación Nuevo Usme se desarrollará en 20 años megaproyecto en Usme, para frenar el crecimiento desordenado del sur,” El Tiempo, July 21, 2009.
12 Vinit Mukhija, “Upgrading Housing Settlements in Developing Countries: The Impact of Existing Physical Conditions,” Cities 18, no. 4 (2001).
13 Jan Nijman, “Against the Odds: Slum Rehabilitation in Neoliberal Mumbai,” Cities 25 (2008).
14 Heather Smith and David Ley, “Even in Canada? The Multiscalar Construction and Experience of Concentrated Immigrant Poverty in Gateway Cities,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98, no. 3 (2008); United Way, “Poverty by Postal Code: The Geography of Neighborhood Poverty” (Toronto: United Way of Greater Toronto and the Canadian Council on Social Development, 2004).
15 Smith and Ley, “Even in Canada?” 708.
16 Mohammad A. Qadeer, “Ethnic Segregation in a Multicultural City,” in Desegregating the City: Ghettos, Enclaves & Inequality, ed. David P. Varaday (Albany: SUNY Press, 2005); Kristin Good, “Patterns of Politics in Canada’s Immigrant-Receiving Cities and Suburbs,” Policy Studies 26, no. 3/4 (2005).
17 J. David Hulchanski, “The Three Cities within Toronto: Income Polarization among Toronto’s Neighborhoods, 1970–2000” (Toronto: Centre for Urban & Community Studies, University of Toronto, 2007).
18 Robert E. Park, Human Communities: The City and Human Ecology (Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1952).
19 Ceri Peach, “Good Segregation, Bad Segregation,” Planning Perspectives 11 (1996); Ludi Simpson, Vasilis Gavalas, and Nissa Finney, “Population Dynamics in Ethnically Diverse Towns: The Long-Term Implications of Immigration,” Urban Studies 45, no. 1 (2008); Ludi Simpson, “Ghettos of the Mind: The Empirical Behaviour of Indices of Segregation and Diversity,” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 170, no. 2 (2006).
20 Finney and Simpson, “Sleepwalking to Segregation”?; Simpson, Gavalas, and Finney, “Population Dynamics in Ethnically Diverse Towns: The Long-Term Implications of Immigration,” Urban Studies 45, no. 1 (2008).
21 Asef Bayat, Life as Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2010), 4–5, 171–84.
22 Kwame Anthony Appiah, Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in a World of Strangers (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 112–13; Salman Rushdie, Imaginary Homelands: Essays and Criticism, 1981–1991 (London: Granta, 1991), 394.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book carries my name on the cover, but its geographic breadth and topical peculiarity could only have been sustained with the encouragement, cooperation, and exhaustive assistance of a great many people. To chronicle the complexities of cityward migration across sixteen countries and thirty cities and villages in a three-year period while running a major newspaper bureau, I relied on a group of field researchers who embraced this project with an inspiring degree of enthusiasm and a level of expertise that dwarfed my own. They went to great lengths to open the obscure corners of their cities and nations to me, made important introductions and crucial criticisms, and often took the time to be generous