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17 Eduardo Zepeda et al., “Changes in Earnings in Brazil, Chile and Mexico: Disentangling the Forces Behind Pro-Poor Change in Labour Markets” (Brasilia: IPC-IG [UNDP], 2009).

18 Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

19 A. Durand-Lasserve and L. Royston, Holding Their Ground: Secure Land Tenure for the Urban Poor in Developing Countries (London: Earthscan, 2002), 3.

20 Hernando de Soto, The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World (New York: Harper & Row, 1989).

21 de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (London: Black Swan, 2000), 35. A number of critics have pointed out that this number is unverifiable.

22 L. J. Alston, G. D. Libecap and B. Mueller, Titles, Conflict and Land Use: The Development of Property Rights on the Brazilian Amazon Frontier (Ann Arbor: Michigan University Press, 1999).

23 G. Feder and D. Feeny, “Land Tenure and Property Rights: Theory and Implications for Development Policy,” World Bank Economic Review 3 (1991); O. J. Lanjouw and P. I. Levy, “Untitled: A Study of Informal and Formal Propertry Rights in Urban Ecuador,” The Economic Journal 112 (2002); K. Deininger and J. Chamorro, “Investment and Equity Effects of Land Regularisation: The Case of Nicraragua,” Agricultural Economics 30 (2004); E. Field, “Property Rights and Household Time Allocation in Urban Squatter Communities: Evidence from Peru,” in Second Urban Resarch Symposium (Washington: World Bank, 2003).

24 Alan Gilbert, “On the Mystery of Capital and the Myths of Hernando de Soto: What Difference Does Legal Title Make?” International Development Planning Review (2002); A. M. Varley, “Private or Public: Debating the Meaning of Tenure Legalization,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 26, no. 3 (2002); O. M. Razzaz, “Examining Property Rights and Investment in Informal Areas: The Case of Jordan,” Land Economics 69, no. 4 (1993); J. M. L. Kironde, “Understanding Land Markets in African Urban Areas: The Case of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania,” Habitat International 24 (2000).

25 Robert E. Smith, “Land Tenure Reform in Africa: A Shift to the Defensive,” Progress in Development Studies 3, no. 3 (2003).

26 A. Antwi and J. Adams, “Economic Rationality and Informal Urban Land Transactions in Accra, Ghana,” Journal of Property Research 20, no. 1 (2003); M. M. Omirin and A. Antwi, “Informality, Illegality and Market Efficiency: A Case for Land Market Deregulation in Accra and Lagos” (London, 2004).

27 R. Home and H. Lim, Demystifying the Mystery of Capital: Land Tenure and Poverty in Africa and the Caribbean (London: Glasshouse Press, 2004); Bishwapriya Sanyal, “Intention and Outcome: Formalization and Its Consequences,” Regional Development Dialogue 17, no. 1 (1996).

28 Staffan Granér, “Hernando de Soto and the Mystification of Capital,” Eurozine, no. 13 (Jan. 19, 2007): 6.

29 Donald A. Krueckenberg, “The Lessons of John Locke or Hernando de Soto: What If Your Dreams Come True?” Housing Policy Debate 15, no. 1 (2004): 3.

10 ARRIVING IN STYLE

1 Gerben Helleman and Frank Wassenber, “The Renewal of What Was Tomorrow’s Idealistic City, Amsterdam’s Bijlmermeer High-Rise,” Cities 21, no. 1 (2004); Ronald Van Kempen et al., eds., Restructuring Large Housing Estates in Europe (Bristol: The Policy Press, 2005).

2 Helleman and Wassenber, “The Renewal of What Was Tomorrow’s Idealistic City, Amsterdam’s Bijlmermeer High-Rise,” 8.

3 Maurice Crul and Liesbeth Heering, eds., The Position of the Turkish and Moroccan Second Generation in Amsterdam and Rotterdam (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2008), 63–85, 166.

4 Doug Saunders, “Citizen Jane,” The Globe and Mail, Oct. 11, 1997.

5 William H. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center (New York: Doubleday, 1989); Oscar Newman, Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design (New York: MacMillan, 1972).

6 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961), 221.

7 Alice Coleman, Utopia on Trial: Vision and Reality in