Arrival City_ How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World - Doug Saunders [174]
25 Özüekren and Karahan, “Residential Careers of Turkish (Im)Migrants at Home and Abroad—the Case of Istanbul and Berlin.”
26 Francisco Javier Moreno Fuentes, “Evolution of Spanish Immigration Policies and Their Impact on North African Migration to Spain,” Studies in Culture, Polity and Identities 6, no. 1 (2005).
27 Niki Kitsantonis, “E.U. Systems Fail to Stem the Flow of Migrants,” International Herald Tribune, Nov. 19, 2009.
28 Rosa Aparicio, “The Integration of the Second and 1.5 Generations of Moroccan, Dominican and Peruvian Origin in Madrid and Barcelona,” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33, no. 7 (2007).
9 ARRIVAL’S END
1 It has become commonplace to claim that in 1996 the United Nations or one of its agencies declared Jardim Angela “the most violent place in the world.” In fact, no such declaration was ever made. Rather, Brazil’s crime statistics that year, which included neighborhood breakdowns for the first time, were seized upon by media, including a UNESCO newsletter, because the neighborhood’s homicide rate was dramatically higher than any other place for which such rates have been recorded. The “world’s deadliest” claim became a working assumption among governments and NGOs.
2 Nancy Cardia, “Urban Violence in São Paulo” (Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Center, 2000); Amnesty International, “They Come in Shooting: Policing Socially Excluded Communities” (London: Amnesty International, 2005).
3 Mota Guedes and Vieira Oliveira, “Braudel Papers 38: Democratization of Consumption: Progress and Aspirations in São Paulo’s Periphery,” 11.
4 Some of his analysis can be found in Bruno Paes Manso, Maryluci de Araujo Faria, and Norman Gall, “Diadema: Frontier Violence and Civilization in Sao Paulo’s Periphery” (São Paulo: Fernand Braudel Institute of World Economics, 2005) and Bruno Paes Manso, O Homem X: Uma Reportagem Sobre a Alma Do Assassino Em São Paulo (São Paulo: Record, 2005).
5 The nature of poverty as a strategic passage rather than a permanent state is analyzed in detail in Narayan, Pritchett, and Kapoor, Moving Out of Poverty.
6 See, for example, the findings of the comprehensive study by Walter Russell Mead and Sherle Schwenninger, The Bridge to a Global Middle Class: Development, Trade and International Finance (Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2002).
7 Steven Durlauf, “Neighborhood Feedbacks, Endogenous Stratification and Income Inequality,” in Dynamic Disequilibrium Modeling, eds. William A. Barnett, Giancarlo Gandolfo, and Claude Hillinger (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). For a review of the literature demonstrating the importance of a middle class in maintaining stability and promoting democracy and prosperity, see Steven Pressman, “The Decline of the Middle Class: An International Perspective,” Journal of Economic Issues XLI, no. 1 (2007).
8 Guedes and Oliveira, “Braudel Papers 38.”
9 David Rothkopf, “Pain in the Middle,” Newsweek International, Nov. 21, 2005.
10 Branko Milanovic, “Decomposing World Income Distribution: Does the World Have a Middle Class?” Review of Income and Wealth 48, no. 2 (2002).
11 Rasheeda Bhagat, “A One-Billion Middle-Class Deluge from India, China by 2020,” The Hindu Business Line, Jun. 29, 2006. For a similar analysis using different consumer data, see Diana Farrell, Ulrich A. Gersch, and Elizabeth Stephenson, “The Value of China’s Emerging Middle Class,” The McKinsey Quarterly (2006).
12 Nancy Birdsall, Carol Graham, and Stefano Pettinato, “Stuck in the Tunnel: Is Globalization Muddling the Middle Class?” (Washington: Center on Social and Economic Dynamics, 2000), 1, 8, 14.
13 Jan Nijman, “Mumbai’s Mysterious Middle Class,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30, no. 4 (2006): 758.
14 Mead and Schwenninger, The Bridge to a Global Middle Class.
15 Janice E. Perlman, “The Myth of Marginality Revisited: The Case of Favelas in Rio De Janeiro, 1969–2003” (Washington: The World Bank, 2005), 16, 20.
16 Mead and Schwenninger, The Bridge to a Global