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31 Cited in Kalpana Sharma, “Chronicle of a Riot Foretold,” in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, 284.

32 Sikata Banerjee, Warriors in Politics: Hindu Nationalism, Violence and the Shiv Sena in India (Boulder: Westview Press, 2000), 54.

8 THE NEW CITY CONFRONTS THE OLD WORLD

1 Michèle Tribalat, ed., Cent ans d’immigration, étrangers d’hier français d’aujourd’hui (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France INED, 1991), 65–71.

2 Piotr Smolar, “L’antiterrorisme, selon le patron des R G,” Le Monde, Nov. 11, 2005.

3 Alec G. Hargreaves, Multi-Ethnic France: Immigration, Politics, Culture and Society (Second Edition) (New York: Routledge, 2007), 104.

4 Several major studies have shown that second-generation African immigrants in France are fully integrated, including Michèle Tribalat, De l’immigration à l’assimilation : Enquête sur les populations d’origine étrangère en France (Paris: La Découverte, 1996); C. Lefèvre and A. Filhon, eds., Histoires de familles, histoires familiales (Paris: INED, 2005).

5 Estimate of arrival-city size derived from OECD, especially Rainer Münz et al., “What Are the Migrants’ Contributions to Employment and Growth? A European Approach” (Paris: OECD, 2006).

6 Loïc Wacquant, Urban Outcasts: A Comparative Study of Advanced Marginality (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2008), 284. Italics in original.

7 Nicolas Sarkozy, Testimony (Petersfield: Harriman House Ltd, 2006), 63–65.

8 For example, see Patrick Simon, “The Mosaic Pattern: Cohabitation between Ethnic Groups in Belleville, Paris,” in Minorities in European Cities, eds. Sophie Body-Gendrot and Marco Martiniello (Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 2000).

9 Sophie Body-Gendrot, Police et discriminations raciales : Le tabou français (Paris: Editions de l’Atelier, 2003); Tribalat, De l’immigration à l’assimilation.

10 Brice-Arsène Mankou, Pour une France multicolore : L’exemple d’Evry (Paris: Cultures Croisées, 2005).

11 “Zus: Les Pyramides,” Délégation interministérielle à la Ville, http://sig.ville.gouv.fr/Synthese/1110040.

12 Azouz Begag, Shantytown Kid (Le gone du Chaâba) (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1986), 45.

13 Divorce rate: Interview with Kazim Erdogan. For other figures, see Claus Mueller, “Integrating Turkish Communities: A German Dilemma,” Population Research and Policy Review 25, no. 5–6 (2006). For unemployment, see Berlin-Kreuzberg-Kottbusser Tor, Soziale Stadt, Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik, www.sozialestadt.de.

14 Leyla Gülçür, “A Study on Domestic Violence and Sexual Abuse in Ankara, Turkey,” in WWHR Reports no. 4 (Istanbul: WWHR, 1999).

15 Dilek Gügö, “Germans Can Be Also Turks, Says a Berlin Author,” Turkish Daily News, May 15, 2007; Robert Collier, “Germany Copes with Integrating Turkish Minority,” San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 13, 2005.

16 Şule Özüekren and Ebru Ergoz Karahan, “Residential Careers of Turkish (Im)Migrants at Home and Abroad—the Case of Istanbul and Berlin,” in ENHR International Conference (Ljubljana: 2006).

17 Şule Özüekren and Ronald van Kempen, eds., Turks in European Cities: Housing and Urban Segregation (Utrecht: ERCOMER, 1997), chapters 6 and 8.

18 Kogan, “Labour Market Careers of Immigrants in Germany and the United Kingdom.”

19 Roger Boyes and Dorte Huneke, “Is It Easier to Be a Turk in Berlin or a Pakistani in Bradford?” (London: Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society, 2004).

20 Günther Glebe, “Housing and Segregation of Turks in Germany,” in Turks in European Cities: Housing and Urban Segregation, eds. Özüekren and van Kempen, 124.

21 Kogan, “Labour Market Careers of Immigrants in Germany and the United Kingdom,” 440.

22 An excellent analysis of these problems is found in Ruth Mandel, Cosmopolitan Anxieties: Turkish Challenges to Citizenship and Belonging in Germany (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008), 141–54.

23 Glebe, “Housing and Segregation of Turks in Germany,” 125.

24 Merih Anil, “Explaining the Naturalisation Practices of Turks in Germany in the Wake of the Citizenship