Arrival City_ How the Largest Migration in History Is Reshaping Our World - Doug Saunders [172]
17 Esen, “Self-Service City: Istanbul.”
18 Duyar-Kienast, The Formation of Gecekondu Settlements in Turkey, 123.
19 Ibid., 124.
20 Ibid., 52–53.
21 Ibid., 27.
22 Murat Cemal Yalcintan and Adem Erdem Erbas, “Impacts of ‘Gecekondu’ on the Electoral Geography of Istanbul,” International Labour and Working-Class History, no. 64 (2003): 104–109.
23 Binnaz Toprak, “Religion and State in Turkey,” in Contemporary Turkey: Challenges of Change (Istanbul: 1999), 5.
24 Ali Çarkoğlu and Binnaz Toprak, “Religion, Society and Politics in a Changing Turkey” (Istanbul: TESEV, 2006).
25 Esen, “Self-Service City: Istanbul.”
26 Ayse Bugra, “The Immoral Economy of Housing in Turkey,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 22, no. 2 (1998): 311.
27 Zafer Senocak, “Turkey’s Corset of Moderation,” Die Welt, July 24, 2007.
28 Esen, “Self-Service City: Istanbul.”
7 WHEN THE MARGINS EXPLODE
1 Esfandiar Zebardast, “Marginalization of the Urban Poor and the Expansion of the Spontaneous Settlements on the Tehran Metropolitan Fringe,” Cities 23, no. 6 (2006).
2 Ibid.: 39, 451.
3 Robert E. Looney, Economic Origins of the Iranian Revolution (Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1982), 264.
4 Ali M. Ansari, Modern Iran since 1921 (Harlow: Longman, 2003), 147.
5 Misagh Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers, 1989), 73.
6 Tahmoores Sarraf, Cry of a Nation: The Saga of the Iranian Revolution (New York: Peter Lang, 1990), 25.
7 Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution, 78.
8 Ibid., 76–77.
9 Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People’s Movements in Iran (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 43.
10 Leonard Binder, “The Political Economy of the Middle East, 1973–78” (Washington: United States Congress Joint Economic Committee, 1980), 163.
11 Ali Farazmand, The State, Bureaucracy and Revolution in Modern Iran: Agrarian Reforms and Regime Politics (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1989), 198–201.
12 Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution, xii.
13 Bayat, Street Politics, 159.
14 Ibid., 99.
15 Ansari, Modern Iran since 1921, 221.
16 Bayat, Street Politics, 101.
17 Zebardast, “Marginalization of the Urban Poor and the Expansion of the Spontaneous Settlements on the Tehran Metropolitan Fringe,” 451–52.
18 Amir Nikpey, Politique et Religion en Iran Contemporarain (Paris: L’Harmattan, 2003); Farhad Khosrokhavar, “The New Religiosity in Iran,” Social Compass 54, no. 3 (2007).
19 Alma Guillermoprieto, “The Gambler,” The New York Review of Books, Oct. 20, 2005.
20 Based on Venezuelan government spending figures reported at www.sisov.mpd.gob.ve and OECD population figures, and tabulated by Info Venezuela News.
21 Daniel Ortega and Francisco Rodríguez, “Freed from Illiteracy? A Closer Look at Venezuela’s Misión Robinson Literacy Campaign,” Economic Development and Cultural Change 57, no. 1 (2008).
22 Tina Rosenberg, “The Perils of Petrocracy,” New York Times Magazine, Nov. 4, 2007.
23 Fabiola Sanchez, “Traditionally Pro-Chavez Slum Turns to Opposition,” Associated Press, Dec. 5, 2008.
24 Francisco Rodríguez, “An Empty Revolution: The Unfulfilled Promises of Hugo Chávez,” Foreign Affairs (Mar./Apr. 2008).
25 Indira A. R. Lakshmanan, “Critics Slam Venezuelan Oil Windfall Spending,” The Boston Globe, Aug. 13, 2006.
26 Norman Gall, “Oil and Democracy in Venezuela,” Braudel Papers, no. 39 (2006).
27 Sujata Patel, “The Popularity of the Shiv Sena: Urbanisation and Its Consequences,” Asian Studies Review 19, no. 3 (1996): 44.
28 Bal Thackeray, “I Still Believe in Dictatorship,” Illustrated Weekly of India, Feb. 19, 1984, cited in Mary Katzenstein, Uday Singh Mehta and Usha Thakkar, “The Rebirth of Shiv Sena: The Symbiosis of Discursive and Organizational Power,” The Journal of Asian Studies 56, no. 2 (1997): 379.
29 Atreyee Sen, Shiv Sena Women: Violence and Communalism in a Bombay Slum (London: Hurst & Company, 2007), 26–30, 90, 180.
30 Gérard Heuzé, “Cultural Populism: The Appeal of the Shiv Sena,” in Bombay: Metaphor for Modern India, eds. Sujata Patel and Alice