• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

92. Joseph T. Wilson, The Black Phalanx: A History of the Negro Soldiers of the United States in the Wars of 1775–1812, 1861-’65 (Hartford, 1888), 482; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 147–48n.; Gerald M. Capers, Occupied City: New Orleans under the Federals, 1862–1865 (Lexington, Ky., 1965), 216–17; John W. Blassingame, Black New Orleans, 1860–1880 (Chicago, 1973), 33–34; Quarles, Negro in the Civil War, 38; James M. McPherson, The Negro’s Civil War (New York, 1965), 23–24.

93. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 24; Quarles, Negro in the Civil War, 39; Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Arm: Negro Troops in the Union Army, 1861–1865 (New York, 1956), 67, 142.

94. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 203–04; New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 3, 1864. For the debate on slave enlistments, see Durden, The Gray and the Black, especially 29–100.

95. Durden, The Gray and the Black, 89, 95, 118–19; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 156–57; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 244. See also Fremantle, Three Months in the Southern States, 282n.; Wiley (ed.), Letters of Warren Akin, 32–33; Ravenel, Private Journal, 201; New York Times, Sept. 12, 1863; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 152, 154–57; Coulter, Confederate States of America, 267–68; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 170–71; Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 133–34.

96. Durden, The Gray and the Black, 76; Wiley (ed.), Letters of Warren Akin, 117; Brooks and Lefler (eds.), Papers of Walter Clark, I, 140.

97. Durden, The Gray and the Black, 202–03; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 158–59; John S. Wise, The End of an Era (Boston, 1902), 394–95.

98. New York Tribune, April 4, 1865; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 456.

99. Richmond Examiner, Feb. 27, 1865, quoted in New York Times, March 5, 1865.

100. New York Times, Jan. 1, 1865; Hitchcock, Marching with Sherman, 128; Milo M. Quaife (ed.), From the Cannon’s Mouth: The Civil War Letters of General Alpheus S. Williams (Detroit, 1959), 371.

101. Durden, The Gray and the Black, 44; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 160–61; Allan Nevins, The War for the Union: The Organized War to Victory, 1864–1865 (New York, 1971), 278–79; Trowbridge, The South: A Tour, 208. For periodic reports of black “soldiers” in the Confederate Army, see New York Times, Aug. 17, 1861, Oct. 27, 1862, March 1, 14, May 14, 1863, March 23, 1865.

102. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 134; XVI: Tenn. Narr., 12–13.

103. Douglass’ Monthly, IV (June 1861), 477; New York Times, May 21, Dec. 15, 1861; House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation,” 101; Sydnor, A Gentleman of the Old Natchez Region, 296; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 162.

104. Douglass’ Monthly, IV (June 1861), 477; New York Times, May 11, 21, June 1, Dec. 15, 1861; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 295–97; “Diary of Benjamin L. C. Wailes,” in Bettersworth (ed.), Mississippi in the Confederacy, 234–35; Sydnor, A Gentleman of the Old Natchez Region, 296–97; Herbert Aptheker, American Negro Slave Revolts (New York, 1943), 363–65; Aptheker, “Notes on Slave Conspiracies in Confederate Mississippi,” Journal of Negro History, XXIX (Jan. 1944), 75; Harvey Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” Journal of Negro History, XXIII (Oct. 1938), 443; Bettersworth, Confederate Mississippi, 162; Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 127; Ruffin, Diary, II, 35.

105. Cassville (Ga.) Standard, quoted in New York Times, May 31, 1861; Ruffin, Diary, II, 35; Nancy and D. Willard to Micajah Wilkinson, May 28, 1861, Micajah Wilkinson Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 82.

106. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for Sept. 29, 1862, Univ. of South Carolina; Aptheker, “Notes on Slave Conspiracies in Confederate Mississippi,” 77.

107. Julia LeGrand, The Journal of Julia LeGrand (eds. Kate M. Rowland and Mrs. Morris E. Croxall; Richmond, 1911), 58–59. On Jan. 1, 1863, she wrote: “The long expected negro dinner did not come off.” Ibid., 61. For rumors of a general insurrection, see also Wish, “Slave Disloyalty under the Confederacy,” 445–46; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 82–83.

108. New York Times, Jan. 25,