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132. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 450; Douglass’ Monthly, IV (Dec. 1861), 564.

133. Stone, Brokenburn, 28.

134. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 138, 139–40, 145–48, 151–52, 154, 176, 264–65.

135. Wise, End of an Era, 74; Speech of James McDowell, Jr. (of Rockbridge) in the House of Delegates of Virginia, on the Slave Question (Richmond, 1832), reprinted in Eric Foner (ed.), Nat Turner (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1971), 113. On January 4, 1862, Edmund Ruffin confided his recollections of the Nat Turner insurrection to his diary. Diary, II, 207–09.

136. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 38, 292–93.

137. Jones (ed.), Heroines of Dixie, 118.

138. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 189.

Chapter Two: Black Liberators

1. Report of the Proceedings of a Meeting Held at Concert Hall, Philadelphia, on Tuesday Evening, November 3, 1863, to Take into Consideration the Condition of the Freed People of the South (Philadelphia, 1863), 22.

2. George H. Hepworth, The Whip, Hoe, and Sword; or, The Gulf-Department in ’63 (Boston, 1864), 179.

3. W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction (New York, 1935), 110.

4. Christian Recorder, April 23, May 28, 1864.

5. Douglass’ Monthly, III (May 1861), 451.

6. Wiley, Southern Negroes, 301; New York Times, Oct. 18, 1862.

7. Roy P. Basler (ed.), The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln (8 vols.; New Brunswick, N.J., 1953), V, 423; V. Jacque Voegeli, Free but Not Equal: The Midwest and the Negro During the Civil War (Chicago, 1967), 99; Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Billy Yank: The Common Soldier of the Union (Indianapolis, 1951), 120.

8. William C. Bryant II (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” Civil War History, VII (1961), 144.

9. Cornish, Sable Arm, 9–10, 31; Christian Recorder, July 25, 1863.

10. Christian Recorder, Jan. 31, 1863.

11. Herbert Aptheker, “The Negro in the Union Navy,” Journal of Negro History, XXXII (1947), 169–200 (for the experience of Robert Fitzgerald in the Union Navy, see Pauli Murray, Proud Shoes: The Story of an American Family (New York, 1956), 130–34); Cornish, Sable Arm, 33–58, 69–75; William F. Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,” Journal of Southern History, XLI (1975), 28–30; Douglass’ Monthly, V (Aug. 1862), 698–99; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 145–65; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 144–48, 187–89; Towne, Letters and Diary, 41–54.

12. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, N.J., 1964), 197–202; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 4.

13. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 4–5, 10–11, 16–19, 25, 28–30.

14. E. Pershine Smith to Henry C. Carey, Jan. 5, 1863, Carey Papers, Edward Carey Gardiner Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Winther (ed.), With Sherman to the Sea, 55.

15. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 58–60; Higginson to Brig. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Feb. 1, 1863, in Guthrie, Camp-Fires of the Afro-American, 390–91.

16. Lary C. Rampp, “Negro Troop Activity in Indian Territory, 1863–1865,” Chronicles of Oklahoma, XLVII (Spring 1969), 534–36; New York Times, Nov. 20, 1862; Henry T. Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers (Washington, D.C., 1890), 248, 281–83; McPherson (ed.), Negro’s Civil War, 185–87. See also New York Times, Feb. 23, April 1, Dec. 14, 1863; William Wells Brown, The Negro in the American Rebellion (Boston, 1880), 167–76; Albert, House of Bondage, 131–32.

17. Cornish, Sable Arm, 95, 114, 231, 251; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864, 54n.; John W. Blassingame, “The Recruitment of Colored Troops in Kentucky, Maryland and Missouri, 1863–1865,” Historian, XXIX (1967), 533–45; Basler (ed.), Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, VII, 282; McPherson (ed.), Negro’s Civil War, 192. See also Christian Recorder, Oct. 31, 1863.

18. Cornish, Sable Arm, 229–31; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 163–64. For examples of changing attitudes toward the use of black troops, see also Basler