Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [428]
40. Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 421–25.
41. Christian Recorder, March 5, April 23, July 30, Aug. 27, 1864. For life in the camp and the grievances of black soldiers, as expressed in letters from the soldiers, see Christian Recorder for 1863 and 1864.
42. Ibid., Feb. 20, March 5, April 23, June 11, Aug. 13, 1864.
43. Ibid., July 23, June 11, 1864. See also the identical argument of a Pennsylvania black soldier in ibid., Aug. 13, 1864, and of a soldier from the 54th Mass. Rgt. in Brown, Negro in the American Rebellion, 250–51.
44. Christian Recorder, July 11, Aug. 27, 1864.
45. Ibid., May 28, July 23, 1864; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 252. For the refusal to accept pay, see also Christian Recorder, June 11, July 23, 30, Aug. 13, 27, 1864.
46. Christian Recorder, Sept. 12, 1863, June 25, July 2, 1864; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 200–01; McPherson, Struggle for Equality, 217; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 190–91; Brown, Negro in the American Rebellion, 251–52; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 280.
47. Douglass’ Monthly, V (Aug. 1863), 852; Christian Recorder, July 18, 1863; John S. Rock to the soldiers of the 5th Rgt. of U.S. Heavy Artillery, Natchez, Miss., May 30, 1864, Ms. address in George L. Ruffin Papers, Howard Univ., Washington, D.C.; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 175–76; Headquarters, Supervisory Committee on Colored Enlistments, “To Men of Color,” broadside, Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Similar sentiments may be found in Christian Recorder, July 11, 1863.
48. Christian Recorder, Sept. 17, 1864.
49. Ibid., Nov. 5, 1864.
50. McPherson, Struggle for Equality, 217–19; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 287–89; Christian Recorder, Nov. 5, 1864; Emilio, History of the Fifty-fourth Regiment, 220–21, 227–28. On March 3, 1865, Congress enacted a law giving full retroactive pay to all black regiments that had been promised equal pay at the time of enlistment.
51. New York Times, June 14, 1864; William E. Farrison, William Wells Brown (Chicago, 1969), 382; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 378, 384; Herbert Aptheker (ed.), A Documentary History of the Negro People in the United States (New York, 1951), 486–87. For similar sentiments, see Christian Recorder, April 23, June 11, July 23, 1864, and New Orleans Tribune, Aug. 25, 1864. On the appointment of black officers, see Cornish, Sable Arm, 214–17.
52. Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, 141–43; Christian Recorder, Feb. 14, 1863.
53. Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, 166–8, 200–02, 209–26.
54. Richmond Dispatch, Aug. 5, 1864, reprinted in New York Times, Aug. 12, 1864; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for July 16, 1863, Univ. of South Carolina.
55. Colin Clarke to Maxwell Clarke, Feb. 10, 1864, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina. For comparable sentiments, see House (ed.), “Deterioration of a Georgia Rice Plantation During Four Years of Civil War,” 107.
56. Cornish, Sable Arm, 160, 162–63, 167.
57. Ibid., 159–62; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 316–18.
58. Cornish, Sable Arm, 163, 169, 172–73, 177–78; New York Times, Dec. 2, 1863, Jan. 28, March 26, 1864; Aptheker (ed.), Documentary History, 487–88; Williamson, After Slavery, 21; Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 111.
59. Cornish, Sable Arm, 170–72. For reports of prisoner exchanges, see Christian Recorder, Feb. 25, 1865, and Williamson, After Slavery, 21.
60. Bell I. Wiley, The Life of Johnny Reb: The Common Soldier of the Confederacy (Indianapolis, 1943), 314–15; Cornish, Sable Arm, 164, 176–77.
61. Christian Recorder, July 26, 1862, Feb. 14, June 13, 1863, April 2, 1864; New York Times, May 20, 1863; Douglass’ Monthly, V (Aug. 1863), 849–50.
62. Basler (ed.), Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln, VI, 357, VII, 302–03; Life and Times of Frederick Douglass, 423–24; Christian Recorder, April 23, 1864.
63. Christian Recorder, April