Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [429]
64. Christian Recorder, June 11, April 30, 1864. See also “The Capture of Fort Pillow,” an editorial in ibid., April 23, 1864.
65. Farrison, William Wells Brown, 391–92.
66. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 225; Kerby, Kirby Smith’s Confederacy, 312; Cornish, Sable Arm, 176–77; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 347–48.
67. Christian Recorder, Aug. 13, 1864; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 222. See also New York Times, Aug. 26, 27, Oct. 1, 1864.
68. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 173–74; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 243–44; Sarah Bradford, Harriet Tubman: The Moses of Her People (2nd ed., 1886; repr. New York, 1961), 99–102.
69. Christian Recorder, April 9, June 18, 1864; March 18, April 1, 1865; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVII: Fla. Narr., 161. See also “Letter from South Carolina,” in Christian Recorder, Feb. 25, 1865.
70. New York Times, Feb. 28, 1864; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVII: Fla. Narr., 82; Christian Recorder, April 15, 1865.
71. Christian Recorder, May 28, June 25, 1864, April 15, 1865.
72. Ibid., May 28, 1864, March 25, April 15, 1865; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for May 3, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.
73. New York Tribune, March 2, 1865; Christian Recorder, April 15, 1865; Lt. Col. John S. Bogert, 103rd U.S. Colored Troops, to his parents, Feb. 24, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 236–37; Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany, 197–98.
74. Maxwell Clarke to Mrs. John Laurence Manning, Oct. 12, 1863, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 7; Christian Recorder, June 25, 1864; Reid, After the War, 213; Christian Recorder, May 27, 1865.
75. New York Times, Dec. 5, 1863; Eliza Frances Andrews, The War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 1864–1865 (New York, 1908), 261–62; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 295–96; Simkins and Patton, Women of the Confederacy, 238. For similar views of native whites, see, e.g., Ravenel, Private Journal, 212–14; Jervey and Ravenel, Two Diaries, 7, 8–9, 11, 18, 31–33, 34; Stone, Brokenburn, 297–98.
76. Christian Recorder, May 6, 27, 1865.
77. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVIII: Unwritten History, 253.
78. Cornish, Sable Arm, 287–88; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 341–44; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 143–47; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 147.
79. Cornish, Sable Arm, 288; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 124–25, 134–37.
80. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 183; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 154; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 141; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 280–83; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 167, 168; McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 172; New York Times, June 14, 1864, May 17, 1863.
81. Wilson, Black Phalanx, 280, 282, 283; Gordon, War Diary of Events, 275; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 29, 259.
82. Cornish, Sable Arm, 55, 261–64, 267, 288–89; Christian Recorder, Aug. 13, 1864.
83. McPherson, Negro’s Civil War, 237; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVIII: Unwritten History, 150–51; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 232; Hepworth, Whip, Hoe, and Sword, 187.
84. Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 294–95; Lt. Col. John S. Bogert, 103rd U.S. Colored Troops, to his parents, Feb. 1, 17, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.
85. New York Times, Aug. 21, 1863; George O. Jewett to Dexter Jewett, July 18, 1863, Main File, Henry E. Huntington Library; Wiley, Life of Billy Yank, 121. See also New York Times, April 16, 1863, Oct. 30, 1864, March 12, 1865; Joel Cook, The Siege of Richmond (Philadelphia, 1862), 75–76.
86. Cornish, Sable Arm, 147. See also New York Times, April 21, 1863; Bryant (ed.), “A Yankee Soldier Looks at the Negro,” 146; Wilson, Black Phalanx, 298, 310–11.
87. Towne, Letters and Diary, 94; New York Times, Oct. 3, 1862; Johns, Life with the Forty-ninth Massachusetts Volunteers, 169.
88. Quoted in introduction