Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [435]
64. Nichols, The Great March, 62. See also ibid., 83; Mary Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie in 1865 (Springfield, Mass., 1906), 64; New York Times, Dec. 18, 1861.
65. Cornelia Phillips Spencer, The Last Ninety Days of the War in North Carolina (New York, 1866), 186–87; New York Times, Dec. 1, 1862.
66. Wilmer Shields to William Newton Mercer, Dec. 11, 1863, Jan. 25, 1864, June 10 (incl. enclosure: “List of Negroes who have remained, been absent and returned, and are now on the plantations”), Sept. 20, 1865, Dec. 4, 1866, W. N. Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
67. Alexander F. Pugh, Ms. Plantation Diary, entries for Oct. 27, 28, 30, 31, Nov. 1, 2, 5, 6, 1862, Nov. 3, 1863, A. F. Pugh Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Annette Koch to [Christian D. Koch], June 27, 1863, Christian D. Koch Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.
68. John H. Ransdell to Gov. Thomas O. Moore, May 24, 26, 31, 1863, in Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Louisiana,” 491–93, 495, 497. For the rapid erosion of slavery in Louisiana and Mississippi, see also, e.g., Samuel A. Agnew (Miss.), Ms. Diary, entry for Oct. 29, 1862, Univ. of North Carolina; Bayside Plantation Record (Bayou Teche, La.), entries for April 10, May 1, 3, 4, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Louisa T. Lovell (Palmyra plantation, near Natchez) to Capt. Joseph Lovell, Feb. 7, 1864, Quitman Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Emily Caroline Douglas (Adams Co., Miss.), Ms. Autobiography, 167–68, Louisiana State Univ.; New York Times, Dec. 1, 1862, Oct. 17, 1863; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 209–11; William K. Scarborough, The Overseer: Plantation Management in the Old South (Baton Rouge, 1966), 153–55; F. W. Smith (ed.), “The Yankees in New Albany: Letters of Elizabeth Jane Beach, July 29, 1864,” Journal of Mississippi History, II (Jan. 1940), 46; Ripley, Slaves and Freedmen in Civil War Louisiana, 14–23; James L. Roark, Masters Without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (New York, 1977), 112–17.
69. Thompson, An Englishman in the American Civil War, 94; John Houston Bills, Ms. Diary, entries for Jan. 10, 14, May 18, 27, June 1, 3, 5, 8, 16, Aug. 21, 29, Oct. 8, 17, 1863 (incl. “Memoranda 1863: List of Servants Carried Off by Federal Army and Value”), Feb. 10, 11, July 11, 1864, Univ. of North Carolina.
70. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1241, 1243, 1247.
71. Okar to Gustave Lauve, June 26, 1863, Gustave Lauve Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 183. See also Wiley, Southern Negroes, 12; Bettersworth (ed.), Mississippi in the Confederacy, 240; Williamson, After Slavery, 24. For slaves who returned only to leave again, see, e.g., Wilmer Shields to William N. Mercer, June 10, 1865, Mercer Papers, Louisiana State Univ.; Sydnor, A Gentleman of the Old Natchez Region, 297; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 211.
72. Stone, Brokenburn, 185; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entries for Sept. 22, 24, 1863, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1263; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 202; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 145; Ruffin, Diary, II, 409–10; Stone, Brokenburn, 179. See also Rainwater (ed.), “Letters of James Lusk Alcorn,” 201; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 207; Whittington (ed.), “Concerning the Loyalty of Slaves in North Carolina in 1863,” 501. Edmund Ruffin, Jr., offered amnesty “for the past insubordination” to his returning slaves, “provided their future conduct should be good, as it had been generally previously.” Ruffin, Diary, II, 367–68.
73. Ravenel, Private Journal, 251; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 16–17, 106–08; New York Times, Nov. 20, 1861; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 11, 33–34; Christian Recorder, Nov. 30, 1861. Few towns were sacked as thoroughly as Beaufort. Although an estimated 3,000 slaves helped to level Jackson, Mississippi, that was a joint operation with Union troops; in nearby Yazoo City, however, the blacks themselves