Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [446]
43. Gutman, Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 421; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 154–56 (see also 162–63).
44. New York Times, Nov. 28, 1863. See also Nordhoff, Freedmen of South Carolina, 23; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 33–34; Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 320.
45. Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 228; Reid, After the War, 282n.; Gutman, Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 389.
46. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 164; Clinton B. Fisk, Plain Counsels for Freedmen: In Sixteen Brief Lectures (Boston, 1866), 28–35 (serialized in Free Man’s Press, Austin, Texas, Aug. 15, 22, Sept. 5, 12, 1868); Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 85.
47. George Parliss, Vicksburg, Miss., to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866; Thomas H. Norton, Meridian, Miss., to Maj. A. W. Preston, Aug. 3, 1867; James DeGrey, Clinton, La., to William H. Webster, Sept. 10, 1867; and James DeGrey, Ms. Tri-Monthly Report, Dec. 31, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 102; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 121–22.
48. F. W. Loring and C. F. Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South Considered with Reference to Emigration (Boston, 1869), 13, 136; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1370. See also Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 4, 15, 20, 137. See below, Chapter 8, for female labor and contract negotiations.
49. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIX: God Struck Me Dead, 135; Towne, Letters and Diary, 183–84.
50. Samuel A. Agnew, Ms. Diary, entry for Jan. 8, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina; A. Marshall to “My Dear Niece,” Jan. 20, 1867, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ. See also Avary, Dixie after the War, 192; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 63; New York Times, April 29, 1867.
51. Fisk, Plain Counsels for Freedmen, 25–35. For women employed in the cotton barns, see, e.g., Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 235–36.
52. Avary, Dixie after the War, 362.
53. Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 123–24. See also The Bulletin (Louisville), Sept. 24, 1881.
54. Ellison, Shadow and Act, 147–48.
55. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 52; “Narrative of William Wells Brown,” in Osofsky (ed.), Puttin’ On Ole Massa, 217–18.
56. Stroyer, “My Life in the South,” in Katz (ed.), Five Slave Narratives, 14; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 177; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 45–46. See also Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 27, and XVIII: Unwritten History, 46.
57. Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 374; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 97–98; Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 71. For other examples, see Stroyer, “My Life in the South,” in Katz (ed.), Five Slave Narratives, 14, and D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 226n.
58. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 105; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 37; Reid, After the War, 532; Lester, To Be a Slave, 147.
59. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 120. For other examples of ex-slaves who chose to take their former master’s surname, see II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 327; IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 192, (Part 3), 5; XI: Ark. Narr. (Part 7), 245.
60. Ibid., IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 192.
61. Ibid, IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 3), 105; II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 117, 238, 266; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 54. For other examples, see II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 14, (Part 3), 59–60; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 137, (Part 2), 237; VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 296.
62. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 49; Quarles, Negro in the Civil War, 288; National Freedman, II (May 1866), 144. For a discussion of naming practices, both in slavery and in freedom,