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ended, I goes back to my mastah and he treated me like his brother. Guess he wuz scared of me ’cause I had so much ammunition on me.” Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVI: Va. Narr., 43.

115. Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 341–43.

116. Reid, After the War, 352.

117. Trowbridge, The South, 314; Dennett, The South As It Is, 194.

118. Andrews, The South since the War, 100; Trowbridge, The South, 429–30.

119. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 146; House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 201–07. The reports of assaults and murders are voluminous, not all of them easily verifiable. See, e.g., 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 8–9, 146; House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 201–07, 236–38, 248–49; George L. Childs, Office of the Provost Court, Charlottesville, Va., Sept. 20, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Bvt. Col. A. E. Niles, Kingstree, S.C., to Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott, Dec. 10, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Letters from Anonymous (colored), Macon, Ga., April 13, 1866, Rebecca Lightfoot (freedwoman), Augusta, Ga., March 24, 1866, Freedmen’s Bureau, Georgia (Registers of Letters Received); Trowbridge, The South, 463, 581; Dennett, The South As It Is, 125–26, 195–96, 221–22; New Orleans Tribune, July 14, Aug. 3, 1865; New York Times, Oct. 22, 1865, Jan. 8, Feb. 12, 27, Oct. 31, 1866, Jan. 12, Feb. 4, Aug. 5, 22, 30, Dec. 26, 1867. For reports of whites committing rape on black women, see Loyal Georgian, Jan. 27, Oct. 13, 1866; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 204, 207.

120. Dennett, The South As It Is, 110; Loyal Georgian, Oct. 13, 1866. For other expressions of concern by native whites, see R. W. Flournoy, New Albany, Miss., to Rep. Thaddeus Stevens, Nov. 20, 1865, Stevens Papers, Library of Congress; Trowbridge, The South, 499–500.

121. Trowbridge, The South, 314, 576; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 127, Part III, 8; House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 248–49; Williamson, After Slavery, 97.

122. Christian Recorder, June 23, 1866; Albert, House of Bondage, 139–40. For examples of organized violence, see Lt. Col. H. R. Brinkerhoff, Clinton, Miss., to Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard, July 8, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 201–06, 237–38; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 146; Andrews, War-Time Journal of a Georgia Girl, 343; Andrews, The South since the War, 118, 220; Williamson, After Slavery, 97; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 164; New York Times, May 10, July 6, Aug. 29, 1866, Jan. 4, May 16, 1867.

123. Cornelia P. Spencer to Eliza North, March 10, 1866, in Chamberlain, Old Days in Chapel Hill, 131; Trowbridge, The South, 572; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (July 22, 1865), 23.

124. Dennett, The South As It Is, 261; Loyal Georgian, Oct. 13, 1865; Trowbridge, The South, 499–500.

125. Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 165–69; Ravenel, Private Journal, 287–89; Williamson, After Slavery, 258–59; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 83; New Orleans Tribune, May 10, 12, 14, 1867; New York Times, July 24, 1865, April 3, 17, May 3, June 26, July 25, Aug. 20, 1866.

126. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Report 101, Memphis Riots and Massacres (Washington, D.C., 1866); William S. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen (New Haven, 1968), 274–82; Holmes, “The Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866,” 195–221; American Freedman, I (July 1866), 50–51; New York Times, May 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 17, June 29, July 26, 1866; Taylor, Negro in Tennessee, 85–87.

127. 39 Cong., 2 Sess., House Report 16, New Orleans Riots (Washington, D.C., 1866); McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 282–87; New York Times, July 29, 31, Aug. 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 16, 17, 24, Oct. 14, 1866.

128. Dennett,