• Choose a category
• All
• Classic-Fiction

By Root 1352 0

130–31; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters, 143. In mid-1866, Oliver O. Howard, head of the Freedmen’s Bureau, authorized transportation for delegates elected by the freedmen of Roanoke Island to visit plantations in Texas and explore employment opportunities there. If the investigation justified migration, freedmen in “the large and destitute settlements” would then be induced to move. O. O. Howard to Bvt. Maj. Gen. J. Robinson, Aug. 22, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, North Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

34. Reid, After the War, 562–63; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XI: Mo. Narr., 117; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 90–91.

35. Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 109; Kolchin, First Freedom, 12–19, 22–23.

36. Andrews, The South since the War, 350–62.

37. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 133. See also Macrae, Americans at Home, 324.

38. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 124; V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 39; Trowbridge, The South, 155–56; Weymouth T. Jordan, Hugh Davis and His Alabama Plantation (University, Ala., 1948), 160; Ephraim M. Anderson, Memoirs: Historical and Personal (St. Louis, 1868), 364; George Parliss to Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also National Freedman, I (Nov. 15, 1865), 327; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 262.

39. Loyal Georgian, March 3, 1866; Reid, After the War, 69; New York Times, Sept. 2, 1865.

40. New York Times, Dec. 10, 1865.

41. Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 9, 13–14; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 126–27, 128; Williamson, After Slavery, 38, 159–62; Taylor, Negro in Tennessee, 141–42; The Union (New Orleans), July 14, 1863.

42. Dew, Ironmaker to the Confederacy, 313–14. With the end of the war, the need to reconstruct shattered railroad tracks and build new lines produced immediate opportunities for freedmen to leave the fields for work that would be more remunerative. See, e.g., Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 13–14, 17; New York Times, Feb. 24, 1867; Reid, After the War, 331; Capt. J. H. Weber to Col. Samuel Thomas, July 1, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 114; Taylor, Negro in Tennessee, 152–53; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 125.

43. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVI: Va. Narr., 7–8, 55–56.

44. Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 106–07; Kolchin, First Freedom, 10; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 32–34; Williamson, After Slavery, 108; Nevins, War for the Union: The Organized War, 1863–1864, 363–64; New York Times, Aug. 6, 1865.

45. Josiah Gorgas, Ms. Journal, entry for June 2, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Kolchin, First Freedom, 10.

46. Ravenel, Private Journal, 244; Margaret L. Montgomery (ed.), “Alabama Freedmen: Some Reconstruction Documents,” Phylon, XIII (3rd Quarter 1952), 145; Kolchin, First Freedom, 7; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1263, 1292; New York Times, July 17, 1865; Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, Aug. 12, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Capt. William A. Poillon to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Nov. 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

47. Baton Rouge Advocate, Feb. 21, 1866, quoted in Dennett, The South As It Is, 343–44; Memphis Daily Avalanche, March 15, 1866, quoted in Holmes, “The Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866,” 203n. See also New York Times, Sept. 1, 1865; Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, Aug. 12, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Edward Lynch to Joseph Glover [c. June 1865], Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 53; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 33–34.

48. Elias Horry Deas to Anne Deas, Aug. 12, 1865, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; New York Times, Sept. 2, 1865; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.

49. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary,