Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [453]
9. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 14. See also II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 142; IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 162, 209, (Part 3), 192, (Part 4), 1.
10. Ibid., IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 81–85; Armstrong, Old Massa’s People, 319. See also Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 266; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 215.
11. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 293; Sarah M. Payne to Mary M. Clendenin, Sept. 30, 1865, Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Dennett, The South As It Is, 13–14.
12. Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 538; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 2), 290; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 162. See also II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 84; VII: Miss. Narr., 28, 29–30.
13. Trowbridge, The South, 209; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IX: Ark. Narr. (Part 4), 183–84.
14. Andrews, The South since the War, 25–26.
15. New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 12, 1865.
16. Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 284–85; Avary, Dixie after the War, 188.
17. Simkins and Patton, Women of the Confederacy, 251; LeConte, When the World Ended, 41, 112.
18. Grace B. Elmore, Ms. Diary, entry for May 30, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Mrs. Mary Jones to Mrs. Mary S. Mallard, Nov. 17, 1865, in Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1308.
19. Eppes, Through Some Eventful Years, 279–80, 285–86.
20. See, e.g., Dennett, The South As It Is, 127–28; National Freedman, I (July 15, 1865), 182; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 60.
21. Dennett, The South As It Is, 223; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 388–89; New York Times, Aug. 2, 1865.
22. New York Times, Aug. 31, 1865, April 9, 1866. See also 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 142. On the role of the Union Army and the Freedmen’s Bureau, see below, Chapters 7 and 8.
23. Ella Gertrude (Clanton) Thomas, Ms. Journal, entry for May 1865, Duke Univ.
24. H. R. Brinkerhoff to Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard, July 8, 1865, John L. Barnett to “Colonel,” June 27, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and North Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau. See also Trowbridge, The South, 332, 461.
25. Dennett, The South As It Is, 364.
26. Ibid., 226–27, 364–65. See also Andrews, The South since the War, 207, 221; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 209–10.
27. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau [1865–1866], 85; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 159; New York Tribune, July 25, 1865.
28. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 102; VII: Miss. Narr., 154–55; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 14–16. See also Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 14, 33–35.
29. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 6–7; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 207–08; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 36–37. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 229, and Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 209–10.
30. New York Times, Nov. 28, 1863; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, X: Ark. Narr. (Part 5), 17, 18; C. W. Clarke to Col. Samuel Thomas, June 29, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
31. Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 266; New York Tribune, Nov. 10, 1865. See also New York Times, Aug. 5, 1864, Sept. 29, 1865.
32. Williamson, After Slavery, 110; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 56. See also Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 384. On the postwar black conventions, see below, Chapter 10.
33. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 300; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 75–78; Trowbridge, The South, 460. On interstate migration patterns, see Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 107; Williamson, After Slavery, 108–09; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 75–76; Kolchin, First Freedom, 20–21; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction,