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Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau [1865–1866], 13; Capt. J. H. Weber to Col. Samuel Thomas, July 1, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1296; Williamson, After Slavery, 40–41.

69. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 407; Trowbridge, The South, 537–68.

70. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 22; Chesnut, Diary from Dixie, 531; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 80. See also Avary, Dixie after the War, 185–86; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 216; Trowbridge, The South, 491–92.

71. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 26.

72. Andrews, The South since the War, 25; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 213.

73. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 105; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 178. See also V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 32.

74. Ibid., VII: Miss. Narr., 173; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 88; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 228–29.

75. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 300; XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 64. For similar recollections, see, e.g., II and III: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 334–35, (Part 2), 263, (Part 3), 236–37, (Part 4), 80; IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 3, (Part 2), 128, 161–62, (Part 3), 130, (Part 4), 72; VII: Okla. Narr., 340; Miss. Narr., 154; XII and XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 263, (Part 3), 39; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 172, 239; XVII: Fla. Narr., 376.

76. Ibid., VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 14, 189; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 65.

77. Ibid., II: S.C. Narr. (Part 2), 216. For variations of this theme, see also IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 64–65, (Part 2), 128, (Part 3), 161, 164, (Part 4), 25; XII and XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 2), 70–71, (Part 3), 301; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 136–37, 294, (Part 2), 103.

78. Ibid., II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 5–6.

79. Ibid., III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 51. For recollections of “hard times,” especially in the first winter of freedom, see also VI: Ala. Narr., 226; VII: Okla. Narr., 294; VIII and X: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 6, 161, (Part 5), 124; XIV and XV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 186, (Part 2), 268.

80. Ibid., XVI: Tenn. Narr., 6; VII: Okla. Narr., 202.

81. Ibid., VII: Miss. Narr., 39–41.

82. Ibid., XII and XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 29, (Part 2), 8; VII: Miss. Narr., 41.

83. Ibid., VI: Ala. Narr., 405–06; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 82–63, VII: Okla. Narr., 51.

84. Williamson, After Slavery, 36–37; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for End of May 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 167.

85. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 335–38.

86. Mrs. William Mason Smith to Mrs. Edward L. Cottenet, July 12, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 221.

87. Isabella A. Soustan to “Master Man” [probably George C. Taylor], July 10, 1865, George C. Taylor Collection, Univ. of North Carolina.

88. Alice Dabney to “My Dear Old Master” [Thomas Dabney], Feb. 10, 1867, in Smedes, Memorials of a Southern Planter, 234–35. Susan Dabney Smedes, the daughter of Thomas Dabney, added that the letter had been written “with Alice’s own hand.”

89. Jake to “Mas William” [William D. Simpson], Feb. 5, 1867, Simpson Papers, Univ. of North Carolina.

90. Cincinnati Commercial, reprinted in New York Tribune, Aug. 22, 1865, as a “letter dictated by a servant.” For other reprints of the letter, see “Letter from a Freedman to His Old Master: Written just as he dictated it,” in Lydia Maria Child (ed.), The Freedmen’s Book (Boston, 1865), 265–67, and Carter G. Woodson (ed.), The Mind of the Negro as Reflected in Letters Written During the Crisis 1800–1860 (Washington, D.C., 1926), 537–39.

Chapter Seven: Back to Work: The Old Compulsions

1. South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865.

2. W. L. DeRosset to Louis Henry DeRosset, June 20, 1866, DeRosset Family Papers, Univ. of North Carolina.

3. Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, 1865, James J.