Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [461]
86. Ibid., VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 284; Trowbridge, The South, 291–92.
87. Andrews, The South since the War, 26; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 3; Stone, Brokenburn, 368–69.
88. Trowbridge, The South, 427–28; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XVIII: Unwritten History, 138. See also V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 261.
89. Williamson, After Slavery, 88; John W. Burbidge to Joseph Glover, July 28, 1865, Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Rev. John Jones to Mrs. Jones, July 26, 1865, in Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1282–83. See also Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, 1865, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; H. A. Johnson to “Dear Friend Samuel,” July 14, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 210–211; Oliphant et al. (eds.), Letters of William Gilmore Simms, IV, 505; LeConte, When the World Ended, 105, 115–16.
90. For the Union Army and the expulsion of freed slaves from the cities and towns, see above, Chapter 6. For the military role in imposing order on the plantations, se•, e.g., Petition of 18 Planters, Pine ville, Charleston District, Sept. 1, 1865, Trenholm Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Ravenel, Private Journal, 223; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 56; New York Times, June 16, 1865.
91. Col. William E. Bayley to Commanding Officer, Vicksburg, Miss., July 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; New Orleans Tribune, April 11, 1865.
92. Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 125; Ball, The State That Forgot, 128; Reid, After the War, 419. See also Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1292–93.
93. Towne, Letters and Diary, 20; Knox, Camp-fire and Cotton Field, 316–17.
94. On wartime Federal labor policies in the South, see Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman; Eaton, Grant, Lincoln, and the Freedmen; and Wiley, Southern Negroes, esp. 230–59. On white and black lessees, see Christian Recorder, July 16, 1864; New Orleans Tribune, July 11, 1865; Report of the General Superintendent of Freedmen, Department of the Tennessee and State of Arkansas for 1864 (Memphis, 1865), 14–15, 50; Knox, Camp-fire and Cotton Field, 320–21; National Freedman, I (Feb. 1, May 1, July 15, 1865), 16–17, 121, 187; New York Times, Nov. 13, 28, 1863, Aug. 2, Sept. 26, 1865; and the experience of Isaac Shoemaker in Roark, Masters Without Slaves, 118–19. On the Davis Bend project, see Col. Samuel Thomas, “Report of a Trip to Davis Bend, Waterproof and Natchez,” in Warren, Extracts from Reports of Superintendents of Freedmen; Reid, After the War, 279–87; Trowbridge, The South, 383–84; Knox, Camp-fire and Cotton Field, 353; National Freedman, I (Feb. 1, 1865), 25; New Orleans Tribune, July 9, 29, 1865; New York Times, Oct. 2, 1864, Aug. 22, 1865; Joseph E. Davis and Benjamin F. Montgomery, Article of Agreement, Oct. 31, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Semi-Weekly Louisianian, May 14, 1871; New National Era, April 20, 1871; and Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 38–42. After the war, Davis leased two plantations to Benjamin T. Montgomery, his former slave and plantation manager, who subsequently purchased the plantations and became a successful planter.
95. Emma E. Holmes, Ms. Diary, entry for June 15, 1865, Univ. of South Carolina.
96. Knox, Camp-fire and Cotton Field, 364–69; Black Republican, April 15, 1865; New York Times, Dec. 22, 1862, Jan. 16, March 5, April 17, 1863, Sept. 25, 1864; Sitterson, Sugar Country, 220–23; Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman, 65–82; Wiley, Southern Negroes, 210–21; Messner, “Black Violence and White Response: Louisiana, 1862,” 31–37.
97. New Orleans Tribune, Aug. 13, Dec. 8, 1864, Jan. 28, Feb. 7, 18, March 14, 19, April 1, 9, July 29, 1865. See also ibid, Oct. 16, 1864, March 16, April 13, 1865. For a meeting to protest the labor system and the reaction of Federal authorities,