Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [460]
67. Andrews, The South since the War, 398.
68. Reid, After the War, 25, 44, 291, 337; Andrews, The South since the War, 398; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 2, “Report of Carl Schurz,” 16–17; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 83; New York Times, Sept. 17, 1865.
69. Macon Telegraph, May 16, 1865, quoted in New York Times, June 16, 1865; Trowbridge, The South, 573; Reid, After the War, 343–44.
70. Ravenel, Private Journal, 256; Walter L. Fleming (ed.), Documentary History of Reconstruction (2 vols.; Cleveland, 1906–07), I, 282–83; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 84–85, 91–92; Wilson, Black Codes of the South, 74.
71. Andrews, The South since the War, 157–58; Dennett, The South As It Is, 161–62; Reid, After the War, 361.
72. New York Times, June 17, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 133; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 84; Otto H. Olsen, Carpetbagger’s Crusade: The Life of Albion Winegar Tourgee (Baltimore, 1965), 34.
73. New Orleans Daily South, Nov. 19, 1865, quoted in Reid, After the War, 411; Edgefield (S.C.) Advertiser, Oct. 25, 1865, quoted in Wilson, Black Codes of the South, 145; Fleming (ed.), Documentary History of Reconstruction, I, 298–99.
74. The discussion of the Black Codes is based on the enactments compiled in “Laws in Relation to Freedmen,” 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Freedmen’s Affairs, 170–230; Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction (Washington, D.C., 1880), 29–44; and Fleming (ed.), Documentary History of Reconstruction, I, 273–312. See also Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 83–89; Williamson, After Slavery, 72–76; Stampp, Era of Reconstruction, 79–80; and Wilson, Black Codes of the South, 65–80, 96–116. In examining the state legislation regarding the freedmen, care must be taken not to confuse laws proposed with those actually enacted; the northern press was not always clear on this point.
75. New Orleans Tribune, July 15, 19, 30, Aug. 20, 1865. For the Louisiana parish laws, see also 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 2, “Report of Carl Schurz,” 92–96.
76. Trowbridge, The South, 373; Wilson, Black Codes of the South, 143; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 83.
77. Colored People to the Governor of Mississippi, Petition of the Freedmen of Claiborne County, Miss., Dec. 3, 1865, in Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
78. South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; Loyal Georgian, Feb 17, 1866. For black protest, see also Colored American, Jan. 6, 13, 1866; Loyal Georgian, Feb. 3, 1866; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 23, 1865.
79. McPherson, Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction, 36–38, 41–42; Williamson, After Slavery, 77–79; Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, 378–79, 382–83; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 90–93; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 18; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 43; Wilson, Black Codes of the South, 96–115.
80. Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 91, 92; New Orleans Tribune, Aug. 20, 1865.
81. Sitterson, Sugar Country, 235; Stampp, The Peculiar Institution, 146; Andrews, The South since the War, 25. For similar sentiments, see also Jordan, Hugh Davis and His Alabama Plantation, 161; Trowbridge, The South, 390–91, 393; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 5, 24–25.
82. Dennett, The South As It Is, 53. See also ibid., 77–82; Trowbridge, The South, 389; C. W. Clarke to Col. Samuel Thomas, June 29, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
83. Dennett, The South As It Is, 129, 261, 252.
84. Andrews, The South since the War, 205, 362.
85. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 280, (Part 3), 83–84. See also XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part