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District, Sept. 1, 1865, Trenholm Papers, Univ. of North Carolina; Donald MacRae to Julia MacRae, Sept. 4, 1865, MacRae Papers, Duke Univ.; Ravenel, Private Journal, 258; Oliphant et al. (eds.), Letters of William Gilmore Simms, IV, 528, 560; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 27–28; Gottlieb, “The Land Question in Georgia During Reconstruction,” 359; Savannah Writers’ Project, Savannah River Plantations (Savannah, 1947), 324; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 150–51; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 207; Andrews, The South since the War, 232–33.

29. The text of the meeting with the black ministers may be found in National Freedman, I (April 1, 1865), 98–101, and in New York Tribune, Feb. 13, 1865. On Sherman’s Order No. 15 and the land policy of the Freedmen’s Bureau, see Williamson, After Slavery, 59–63; McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 104–05; and the testimony of Gen. Rufus Saxton in 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 221.

30. Trowbridge, The South, 151; Edward Barnwell Heyward to Catherine Maria Clinch Heyward, May 5, 1867, Heyward Family Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Reid, After the War, 564, 59. For similar sentiments, see Dennett, The South As It Is, 341–42, and 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part III, 77.

31. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 191, Part III, 31; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV and V: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 179, (Part 3), 78; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 219; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 291.

32. Bradford, Harriet Tubman, 102; Eppes, Negro of the Old South, 133.

33. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VI: Ala. Narr., 314–15; Maj. George D. Reynolds to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, Oct. 5, 1865, and Capt. William A. Poillon to Brig. Gen. Wager Swayne, Nov. 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi and Alabama (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 4–5; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 218. For instructions to Bureau agents regarding the land expectations of blacks, see also Freedmen’s Bureau, 34, 95, 135, 147, 162–63, 309, 367–68.

34. Black Republican, April 15, 1865; Christian Recorder, Aug. 26, 1865. See also Colored Tennessean, Oct. 14, 1865.

35. W. E. Towne to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Saxton, Aug. 17, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Armstrong, Old Massa’s People, 334–35; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 45; Williamson, After Slavery, 166; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 200–01, 214–15; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 73, 75–76, 79–81.

36. New York Times, May 12, 1867; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 219–20; Fleming, Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama, 447–48; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 74–75.

37. 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen [Jan. 3, 1867], 120; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VII: Miss. Narr., 97–98, 147; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 60; Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 76; Dennett, The South As It Is, 73.

38. E. Merton Coulter, The South During Reconstruction, 1865–1877 (Baton Rouge, 1947), 109; Gottlieb, “The Land Question in Georgia During Reconstruction,” 364; New Orleans Tribune, April 19, May 6, 1865; McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 95, 203; “Petition from Colored Citizens of Roanoke Island,” enclosed in Bvt. Maj. Daniel Hart to Commanding Officer, Post of Goldsboro, N.C., Dec. 28, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, North Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

39. Dennett, The South As It Is, 248–51; Gottlieb, “The Land Question in Georgia During Reconstruction,” 364.

40. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 195–99; Armstrong and Ludlow, Hampton and Its Students, 181; Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, II, 238–39; Andrews, The South since the War, 212; Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie, 95–103.

41. Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary