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42. New York Times, Oct. 10, 12, 13, 19, 1867; New Era, July 7, 1870; WPA, Negro in Virginia, 218. For a similar confrontation in Hampton, Virginia, see National Freedman, I (Sept. 15, 1865), 267–68, and New York Tribune, Aug. 25, 1865.

43. Avary, Dixie after the War, 345; Lt. Erastus W. Everson to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Ravenel, Private Journal, 271–72; New York Times, Feb. 5, 1866; Trowbridge, The South, 539–40. See also Williamson, After Slavery, 82–85.

44. Dennett, The South As It Is, 291; William Heyward to James Gregorie, June 4, 1868, Gregorie-Elliott Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1308–09; Trowbridge, The South, 393. For agreements among planters not to sell or rent lands to blacks, see Douglas G. Manning to Mrs. John L. Manning, Dec. 25, 1865, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 371; Andrews, The South since the War, 206; New York Times, Jan. 27, 29, 1866; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 106–07. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 344–45, and Reid, After the War, 564–65.

45. Allen S. Izard to Mrs. William Mason Smith, Sept. 15, 1865, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 231.

46. 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau [1865–1866], 36–37.

47. Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 140. See also the contracts cited in note 49.

48. Williamson, After Slavery, 97; H. A. Moore, Jr., to Maj. Gen Scott, April 19, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

49. Contracts between Joseph Glover and freedmen, Aug. 13, 1865, to Jan. 1, 1866, and Jan. 1, 1866, to Jan. 1, 1867, Glover-North Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Contracts between Elias Horry Deas and freedmen, Sept. 7, 1865, and March 3, 1866, Deas Papers, Univ. of South Carolina; Felix Shank to Capt. M. Whalen (Freedmen’s Bureau agent), July 14, 1868, including contract with freedman, Feb. 5, 1868, and Contracts between A. J. and J. W. Shank and Enos (freedman) and Augustus (freedman), Jan. 5, 1867, Joseph Belknap Smith Papers, Duke Univ.; “Form of Contracts between planters and freedmen, as substantially adopted by the Darlington meeting, revised and adopted by the mass meeting of Sumter, Kershaw and Clarendon planters, Dec. 21, 1865, and approved by Maj. Gen. Saxton, of the Freedmen’s Bureau,” in 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 241–42; “A Freedmen’s Contract, 1865,” in Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 354–55; “Terms of Agreement between Charles and E. B. Heyward, Esqrs., and certain labourers,” June 5, 1865, in Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 139–40; Dennett, The South As It Is, 281–83; Lt. C. W. Clarke to Col. Samuel Thomas, June 29, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rogers, Thomas County, 1865–1900, 30–31; Bryan, Confederate Georgia, 136; Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 28.

50. H. A. Moore, Jr., to Maj. Gen Scott, April 19, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Rollin, Martin R. Delany, 261–62.

51. Trowbridge, The South, 386. On hours of labor, see contracts cited in note 49.

52. Trowbridge, The South, 367–68; Lt. George Parliss to Lt. Stuart Eldridge, April 9, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.

53. Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 33, 56; Trowbridge, The South, 430; Dennett, The South As It Is, 291; Pierce, The Negroes at Port Royal, 9; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 157; “Visit to ‘Gowrie’ and ‘East Hermitage’ Plantations,” March 1867, Manigault Plantation Records, Univ. of North Carolina. For contract provisions