Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [467]
54. Trowbridge, The South, 391; Reid, After the War, 490. The estimates of compensation rates are based on the archival records and published reports of the Freedmen’s Bureau, the accounts of postwar travelers in the South (especially Sidney Andrews, John R. Dennett, J. T. Trowbridge, and Whitelaw Reid), and the black press.
55. Dennett, The South As It Is, 321–22; Reid, After the War, 526; Report of the General Superintendent of Freedmen, Department of the Tennessee and State of Arkansas for 1864, 31. On compensation by shares, see, e.g., the Glover and Deas contracts with freedmen cited in note 49; John H. Bills, Ms. Diary, entry for Dec. 31, 1866, Univ. of North Carolina; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Jan. 21, 1866, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina; Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1363; Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 210, 216; D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 264; Heyward, Seed from Madagascar, 139; and the archival records and published reports of the Freedmen’s Bureau. Although domestic servants were often paid on a daily or weekly basis, some contracts compensated them with a share of the proceeds from sale of the crop. See, e.g., Williamson, After Slavery, 159, and Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 126–27.
56. Trowbridge, The South, 392; Reid, After the War, 343; Dennett, The South As It Is, 82; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 26; New York Times, Oct. 2, 1866; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Aug. 11, 1866), 113. For the experience of a planter in South Carolina who tried both systems, see William M. Hazzard to Gen. R. K. Scott, March 11, 1868, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
57. J. W. Alvord, Report on Schools and Finances of Freedmen, for January, 1866, 24; New National Era, April 13, 1871; De Forest, Union Officer in the Reconstruction, 28; Trowbridge, The South, 424; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 27, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of the Freedmen’s Bureau [1865–1866], 36–37. For the pervasiveness of these fears and the grounds on which they were based, see ibid., 21, 25; John P. Bardwell to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Nov. 20, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; New York Times, Aug. 20, Oct. 14, 1865; Dennett, The South As It Is, 73; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 84.
58. Trowbridge, The South, 565.
59. Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 63; New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 8, 1864.
60. Reid, After the War, 291n.
61. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 4), 170–71.
62. Bvt. Brig. Gen. Alvin C. Voris to Maj. George A. Hicks, Oct. 7, 1865, Brock Collection, Henry E. Huntington Library; Thomas Smith to Capt. J. H. Weber, Nov. 3, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Mississippi (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 252; Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Part II, 238. See also ibid., 247; H. A. Johnson to “Dear Friend Samuel,” July 14, 1865, Univ. of North Carolina; and Williamson, After Slavery, 38.
63. Williamson, After Slavery, 66; H. W. Ravenel to Augustin L. Taveau, June 27, 1865, Taveau Papers, Duke Univ. On the Freedmen’s Bureau and rations, see also Botume, First Years Amongst the Contrabands, 260; Rev. Horace James, Annual Report of the Superintendent of Negro Affairs in North Carolina [1864–1865], Appendix, 57; “Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, November 1, 1866,” in Report of the Secretary of War (Washington, D.C., 1867), Appendix, 712; Avary, Dixie after the War, 211–12.
64. New York Times, June 27, 1865; Douglas G. Manning to Mrs. John L. Manning, Dec. 25, 1865, Williams-Chesnut-Manning Papers, Univ. of South Carolina. See also South Carolina Leader, Dec.