Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [472]
116. J.J. Pringle Smith to Mrs. Robert Smith, Jan. 13, 1867, in D. E. H. Smith (ed.), Mason Smith Family Letters, 273; Rogers, History of Georgetown County, 433; James DeGrey to Lt. J. M. Lee, Nov. 15, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, Louisiana (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
117. Reid, After the War, 546–50.
118. Lt. Erastus Everson to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866, R. H. Willoughby to Bvt. Maj. A. M. Crawford, July 27, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), and J. J. Wright to Bvt. Gen. Gile, June 3, 1867, Records of the Subdivision of Beaufort, S.C., Freedmen’s Bureau.
119. McFeely, Yankee Stepfather, 202–03; Lt. and Bvt. Brig. Gen. H. Neide to Bvt. Maj. Edward L. Deane, Feb. 9, 1867, Bvt. Maj. Gen. R. K. Scott to Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard, Feb. 14, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
120. Workingman’s Advocate, April 28, June 2, 1866; New York Times, April 18, May 24, Dec. 6, 1866, Feb. 10, May 15, June 15, 1867; Taylor, Negro in the Reconstruction of Virginia, 120.
121. New Orleans Tribune, May 17, 1867; Trowbridge, The South, 405.
122. Christian Recorder, Dec. 2, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 1865.
123. Williamson, After Slavery, 92–93. For the action of a Bureau officer in the South Carolina low country when faced with a “combination” among the blacks on several plantations, see Capt. D. Corbin to H. W. Smith, Feb. 1, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
124. South Carolina Leader, Dec. 16, 1865; Reid, After the War, 464. See also Dennett, The South As It Is, 247.
125. Dennett, The South As It Is, 15, 114–15, 276–77; Colored American, Jan. 6, 1866; Moore (ed.), The Juhl Letters (July 4, 1866), 103; Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. H. W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
126. Everard Green Baker, Ms. Diary, entries for Dec. 26, 1862, May 31, 1865, Jan. 13, July 17, 1866, May 29, 1867, Univ. of North Carolina; Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 90.
127. Easterby (ed.), South Carolina Rice Plantation, 18–19; Dr. Ethelred Philips to Dr. James J. Philips, Aug. 2, Oct. 24, 1865, Nov. 8, 1866, June 17, Dec. 1, 1867, James J. Philips Collection, Univ. of North Carolina.
128. Myers (ed.), Children of Pride, 1340–41, 1366, 1369, 1374, 1376, 1403, 1429.
129. Moore, (ed.), The Juhl Letters (Oct. 7, 1866), 125; Trowbridge, The South, 545.
130. Lt. Erastus Eversori to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866, Bvt. Lt. Col. B. F. Smith to Bvt. Maj. Henry W. Smith, Jan. 21, 1866, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau; Autobiography of Oliver Otis Howard, II, 239; Andrews, The South since the War, 212.
131. Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 4; Reid, After the War, 463; Leigh, Ten Years on a Georgia Plantation, 57–58, 78–79. For other examples of the yearning for landownership and the movement toward tenantry, see Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 5, 14, 121, 145; Ravenel, Private Journal, 272; Reid, After the War, 533; Trowbridge, The South, 362; Macrae, Americans at Home, 210; Christian Recorder, Dec. 30, 1865; National Freedman, I (Nov. 15, 1865), 337.
132. For examples of “tenantry” contracts, see Dennett, The South As It Is, 282–83. See also ibid, 108–09.
133. Loring and Atkinson, Cotton Culture and the South, 13.
134. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, VIII: Ark. Narr. (Part 2), 63–64.
135. Andrews, The South since the War, 370 (also reprinted in New York Times, Jan. 7, 1866). For a similar assessment, see Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 197.
136. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 2), 134.
137. Ibid., XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 361–62.
Chapter Nine: The Gospel and the Primer
1. Christian Recorder, May 26, 1866.
2. Reid, After