Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [473]
3. Christian Recorder, Jan. 31, 1863, Feb. 25, Aug. 5, Dec. 30, 1865, Jan. 20, 1866.
4. B. F. Randolph to Bvt. Maj. Gen. Rufus Saxton, Aug. 31, 1865, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, South Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
5. Christian Recorder, April 15, 1865 (editorial); Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 217; James M. McPherson, “The New Puritanism: Values and Goals of Freedmen’s Education in America,” in Lawrence Stone (ed.), The University in Society (2 vols.; Princeton, 1974), II, 615; Daniel A. Payne, Recollections of Seventy Years (Nashville, 1888; repr. New York, 1969), 163n.
6. Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 24; American Freedman, III (April 1868), 400. On the problems missionaries encountered with black speech, see also Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 62; Pearson (ed.), Letters from Port Royal, 34–35, 90; Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 277.
7. Christian Recorder, Sept. 29, 1866.
8. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, V: Texas Narr. (Part 4), 184.
9. Thomas W. Cardozo to Samuel Hunt, June 23, 1865, Thomas D. S. Tucker to “Dear Friends of the Association,” Nov. 27, 1862, Tucker to George Whipple, Dec. 24, 1862, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
10. Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man (New York, 1952), 3.
11. Christian Recorder, Sept. 7, 1861, June 27, 1863.
12. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 234; Christian Recorder, July 25, 1863.
13. Christian Recorder, May 27, 1865.
14. J. W. C. Pennington to “My Esteemed Friend,” May 25, 1870, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Christian Recorder, June 29, 1867. See also Amos Gerry Beman to Rev. George Whipple, Feb. 25, 1867, in “Documents,” Journal of Negro History, XXII (1937), 222–26.
15. Christian Recorder, June 16, 1866 (H. M. Turner and A. Waddell letters).
16. Marcia Colton to Rev. George Whipple, May 19, June 14, July 9, Oct. 7, Nov. 1, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
17. Christian Recorder, July 1, March 18, 1865; Thomas W. Cardozo to Samuel Hunt, June 23, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Elizabeth Kilham, “Sketches in Color: IV,” in Jackson (ed.), The Negro and His Folklore, 133. For the reactions of white missionaries to black religious worship in the South, see the sources cited in notes 19 and 20.
18. Christian Recorder, July 14, 1866 (editorial); Timothy Lyman to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Feb, 27, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
19. Rev. Joel Grant to Prof. Henry Cowles, April 10, 1863, H. S. Beals to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, April 28, 1863, Martha L. Kellogg to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, Sept. 3, 1863, American Missionary Assn. Archives; National Freedman, I (Sept. 15, 1865), 264 (Rev. Henry J. Fox); New York Times, Nov. 28, 1863. See also Waterbury, Seven Years Among the Freedmen, 18–19, and Macrae, Americans at Home, 353–75.
20. H. S. Beals to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, April 28, Aug. 18, 1863, William G. Kephart to Lewis Tappan, May 9, 1864, Augustus C. Stickle to Jacob R. Shipherd, July 9, 1867, Timothy Lyman to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Feb. 27, 1865, Rev. W. T. Richardson to Rev. George Whipple, July 3, 1863, Mary E. Bur-dick to Rev. George Whipple, March 8, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives; National Freedman, I (Oct. 15, 1865), 285 (M. J. Ringler); Towne, Letters and Diary, 20; Swint (ed.), Dear Ones at Home, 21–22, 58. See also Pearson (ed.), Letters from Port Royal, 26–28; Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie, 81–82; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 17–18.
21. Rawick (ed.), American Slave, III: S.C. Narr. (Part 3), 5; Higginson, Army Life in a Black Regiment, 253.
22. Swint, The Northern Teacher in the South, 42; Timothy Lyman to Rev. M. E. Strieby, Feb. 27, 1865, H. S. Beals to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, April 28, 1863, William G. Kephart to Lewis Tappan, May 9, 1864, Louise A. Woodbury to Rev. S. S. Jocelyn, Sept. 7, 1863, American Missionary Assn. Archives.
23. Kilham, “Sketches in Color: IV,” in Jackson (ed.), The Negro and His Folklore, 125–31.
24. Christian Recorder, Aug. 5, 1865. On the “peculiar fitness” of blacks for missionary and teaching positions in the South,