Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [474]
25. Sella Martin to M. E. Strieby, March 20, 1866, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Christian Recorder, Feb. 11, 1865 (James H. Payne).
26. Towne, Letters and Diary, 55; Christian Recorder, June 16, 1866 (A. Waddell), Dec. 30 and Aug. 5, 1865 (H. M. Turner). For commendation of the work of the white benevolent societies, especially the American Missionary Assn. and the National Freedmen’s Relief Assn., see, e.g., Christian Recorder, June 3, 1865 (Meeting of the South Carolina Conference), and Feb. 27, 1864 (J. Lynch).
27. Edward P. Smith to M. E. Strieby, July 21, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 495, 420; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 198, (Part 2), 167; Perdue et al. (eds.), Weevils in the Wheat, 322. On ex-slave recollections of white preachers, see also, e.g., Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 420, 538, 642; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, V: Texas Narr. (Part 3), 213, (Part 4), 7; VIII and X: Ark. Narr. (Part 1), 35, (Part 2), 294, (Part 5), 36–37; XVIII: Unwritten History, 45, 76, 98, 310.
28. Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 643; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 241; IV: Texas Narr. (Part 1), 199; Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 321.
29. Rev. L. S. Burkhead, “History of the Difficulties of the Pastorate of the Front Street Methodist Church, Wilmington, N.C., for the Year 1865,” in An Annual Publication of Historical Papers Published by the Historical Society of Trinity College, Durham, N.C., Series VIII (1906–09), 35–118. For a black view of the “difficulties,” see Christian Recorder, April 15, 1865 (“Arnold”).
30. Christian Recorder, Feb. 24, 1866 (R. H. Cain), Jan. 21 and Feb. 4, 1865 (J. Lynch), March 24, 1866 (H. M. Turner). See also ibid., Jan. 29, 1870 (“Our Record”).
31. Ibid., Oct. 14, 1865, Sept. 8, 1866; Rawick (ed.), American Slave, II: S.C. Narr. (Part 1), 35–36.
32. H. Shelton Smith, In His Image, But …: Racism in Southern Religion, 1780–1910 (Durham, N.C., 1972), 229–31; Ralph E. Morrow, Northern Methodism and Reconstruction (East Lansing, Mich, 1956), 129; Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 260–61; Williamson, After Slavery, 196–97; Kolchin, First Freedom, 111–13.
33. Morrow, Northern Methodism and Reconstruction, 136; Christian Recorder, March 5, 1870 (“Separate Churches”), March 26, 1864 (J. D. S. Hall), June 17, 1865 (R. H. Cain). For the struggle between the AME and the Methodist Episcopal Church, including the conflicts over church property, see also Christian Recorder, March 12 (J. D. S. Hall), June 25 (J. Lynch), 1864, April 15 (“Arnold”), May 13 (H. M. Turner), June 3 (S.C. Conference), Aug. 5 and Oct. 7 (H. R. Revels), Oct. 21 (J. Lynch), 1865, Sept. 21, 1867 (“True Position of AME Church”); Coppin, Unwritten History, 117–18; Morrow, Northern Methodism and Reconstruction, 139–40; and Williamson, After Slavery, 181–91.
34. Reid, After the War, 519–20; Rev. A. G. Smith to “Dear Sir,” Sept. 25, 1867, Records of the Assistant Commissioners, North Carolina (Letters Received), Freedmen’s Bureau.
35. Avary, Dixie after the War, 203–04.
36. Mobile News, reprinted in New Orleans Tribune, Sept. 9, 1865. See also Kolchin, First Freedom, 118–19.
37. New York Times, July 1, 1867; Christian Recorder, June 16, 1866. The war had exacerbated the sectional split in the national churches, prompting some southern whites to prefer that black congregations affiliate with the independent black churches rather than with the MEC (North). Christian Recorder, Oct. 21, 1865 (J. Lynch), Sept. 21, 1867 (“True Position of the AME Church”).
38. New York Times, Nov. 28, 1863.
39. Missionary Record, reprinted in Semi-Weekly Louisianian, April 21, 1872; Christian Recorder, May 26, 1866 (Address of the Bishops). For criticism of ministers in politics, see Christian