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40. Christian Recorder, Jan. 29, 1870 (“Our Record”). On the activities of H. M. Turner, see ibid, June 9, 1866, Aug. 17, 1867, Feb. 1, 1868, March 6, 1869; on R. H. Cain, ibid., Sept. 8, 1866, and Williamson, After Slavery, 206–07; on J. C. Gibbs, Christian Recorder, Sept. 16, 1865, Sept. 8, 1866, and Richardson, Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 94; on J. Lynch, Christian Recorder, June 8, 22, 1867, Weekly Louisianian, Jan. 4, 1873, and Wharton, Negro in Mississippi, 154–55.

41. Macrae, Americans at Home, 368.

42. Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 598; Missionary Record (Charleston), July 5, 1873; J. W. Alvord, Eighth Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen, July 1, 1869 (Washington, D.C., 1869), 46.

43. Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll, 562; Reid, After the War, 145.

44. Louis R. Harlan, Booker T. Washington: The Making of a Black Leader, 1856–1901 (New York, 1972), 14; Washington, Up from Slavery, 6–7, 26–32, 37.

45. Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 259; Blassingame (ed.), Slave Testimony, 174.

46. Dennett, The South As It Is, 322; Rose, Rehearsal for Reconstruction, 46. On the theme of “knowledge is power,” see also, e.g., “State Convention of the Colored People of South Carolina,” in South Carolina Leader, Nov. 25, 1865; Loyal Georgian, Jan. 20, 1866; and 39 Cong., 1 Sess., House Exec. Doc. 70, Freedmen’s Bureau, 334.

47. National Freedman, I (Aug. 15, 1865), 217 (W. T. Briggs); (Dec. 15, 1865), 350 (S. K. Whiting); Quarles, Negro in the Civil War, 292; Waterbury, Seven Years Among the Freedmen, 81. For the intensity of the freedmen’s commitment to education, see also, e.g., Esther W. Douglass to Rev. Samuel Hunt, Dec. 27, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives; South Carolina Leader, Dec. 9, 1865; National Freedman, I (Dec. 15, 1865), 351–52 (H. C. Fisher); American Freedman, I (June 1866), 46 (G. H. Allan); Botume, First Days Amongst the Contrabands, 57; Trowbridge, The South, 251; 39 Cong., 2 Sess., Senate Exec. Doc. 6, Reports of the Assistant Commissioners of Freedmen [Jan. 3, 1867], 105; Alvord, Eighth Semi-Annual Report on Schools for Freedmen, July 1, 1869, 45.

48. Murray, Proud Shoes, 182; Mrs. William L. Coan to M. E. Strieby, Sept. 23, 1864, American Missionary Assn. Archives; Waterbury, Seven Years Among the Freedmen, 19; Asa B. Whitfield to Julia A. Shearman, April 17, 1867, American Missionary Assn. Archives. For the appeals of two black teachers for assistance, see Jonathan J. Wright to Rev. Samuel Hunt, Dec. 4, 1865, Feb. 5, 1866, and T. G. Steward to John A. Rockwell, Nov. 6, 1867, American Missionary Assn. Archives.

49. Trowbridge, The South, 466; National Freedman, I (April 1, 1865), 93 (M. E. Jones and N. J. McCullough); Harriet B. Greeley to Rev. George Whipple, April 29, 1865, American Missionary Assn. Archives. On the difficulty of adjusting work schedules to schooling, see also Rawick (ed.), American Slave, XIII: Ga. Narr. (Part 3), 117; XIV: N.C. Narr. (Part 1), 277; XVI: Tenn. Narr., 29; American Freedman, III (June 1868), 431 (L. M. Towne); and Helen M. Jones to S. G. Wright, Jan. 13, 1866, American Missionary Assn. Archives.

50. J. W. Alvord, Report on Schools and Finances of Freedmen for July, 1866 (Washington, D.C., 1866), 16 (Helena, Ark.); Ames, From a New England Woman’s Diary in Dixie, 108–09 (Seabrook); New York Times, Jan. 13, 19, 1862 (Lawrence); Williamson, After Slavery, 211 (Charleston); Reid, After the War, 246 (New Orleans); W. T. Richardson to M. E. Strieby, Jan. 2, 1865 (Savannah), and Rev. W. F. Eaton to Rev. George Whipple, May 26, 1865 (King plantation, St. Simon’s Island), American Missionary Assn. Archives; Colored Tennessean, March 24, 1866 (Douglass school); National Freedman, I (Feb. 1, 1865), 11–12 (Savannah); Trowbridge, The South, 490 (Augusta), 509–10 (Savannah). See also Swint, Northern Teacher in the South, 79–80 (Richmond); Wiley, Southern Negroes, 271 (La.); Trowbridge, The South, 337 (Tenn.); Haviland, A Woman’s Life-Work, 321–22 (New Orleans); New York Tribune, July 7,