Been in the Storm So Long_ The Aftermath of Slavery - Leon F. Litwack [483]
52. Towne, Letters and Diary, 167.
53. New Orleans Tribune, July 27, 30, Aug. 3, Sept. 9, Oct. 27, Dec. 9, 30, 1865. For a more hopeful view of Johnson, see South Carolina Leader, Oct. 21, Dec. 9, 1865.
54. McPherson, The Political History of the United States of America During the Period of Reconstruction, 52–55; LaWanda and John H. Cox, Politics, Principle, & Prejudice, 1865–66 (Glencoe, Ill., 1963), 163. For black response to the interview, see New York Times, Feb. 9, 1866; Christian Recorder, Feb. 17, 1866.
55. Christian Recorder, March 3, April 14, Sept. 8, 1866; Loyal Georgian, March 3, 1866. For black disillusionment with Johnson, see also New Orleans Tribune, Sept. 11, 15, 1866; Christian Recorder, Jan. 19, March 9, 1867; Loyal Georgian, March 17, Oct. 13, 1866.
56. Convention of the Colored People of Virginia (Aug. 1865), 21.
57. Reid, After the War, 52. For the “taxation without representation is tyranny” argument, see Convention of Colored Citizens of Arkansas (1866), 6; Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia (Jan. 1866), 18; Convention of Colored Men, Kentucky (Nov. 1867), 7; Christian Recorder, Oct. 28, 1865 (Edgecombe, Co., N.C.); New York Times, Oct. 11, 1866 (Convention of Freedmen, North Carolina); New York Tribune, Nov. 29, 1865 (Convention of Colored People, South Carolina); Loyal Georgian, Oct. 13, 1866; New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 16, 1865; Black Republican, April 29, 1865.
58. Address by the Colored People of Missouri (1865); New York Times, Sept. 17, 1865 (A. H. Galloway at the Convention of Freedmen, N.C); The Union (New Orleans), Dec. 1, 1863 (P. B. S. Pinchback); Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia (Jan. 1866), 29; Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Virginia, to the People of the United States (New Bedford, Mass., 1865); Christian Recorder, Oct. 28, 1865 (Edgecombe Co., N.C), May 19, 1866.
59. Christian Recorder, July 14, 1866; Colored American, Jan. 13, 1866.
60. Herbert Aptheker, “South Carolina Negro Conventions, 1865,” Journal of Negro History, XXXI (1946), 94; Loyal Georgian, Feb. 17, 1866; Colored Tennessean, Oct. 7, 1865; New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 18, 1864, Dec. 15, 1866; Freedmen’s Convention of Georgia (Jan. 1866), 19; Proceedings of the Council of the Georgia Equal Rights Association, Assembled at Augusta, Ga., April 4th, 1866 (Augusta, 1866), 13; New York Times, Sept. 17, 1865 (A. H. Galloway at the Convention of Freedmen, N.C); Dennett, The South As It Is, 27.
61. New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 18, 1864.
62. Ibid., Aug. 1, 1865.
63. Convention of the Colored People of Virginia (Aug. 1865), 21–22; Reid, After the War, 144.
64. Convention of the Colored People of Virginia (Aug. 1865), 22.
65. New Orleans Tribune, Dec. 9, Nov. 18, 1864. See also the issue of May 4, 1865 (“Fallacy of ‘Preparation’ ”).
66. National Freedman, I (Aug. 15, 1865), 220; New York Times, June 4, 1865; Equal Suffrage. Address from the Colored Citizens of Norfolk, Va. (1865), 9–15.
67. On the “election” in Beaufort, see The Mission of the United States Republic: An Oration Delivered by Rev. James Lynch … July 4, 1865 (Augusta, 1865), 10; on a mayoralty election in Fernandina, see Reid, After the War, 160; on the registration and voting in New Orleans, see New Orleans Tribune, June 17, 23, 24, 30, July 12, 21, 28, Aug. 4, 18, 22, Sept. 2, 10, 17, 19, Nov. 7, 8, 10, 15, 1865.
68. Blassingame, Black New Orleans, 1–22.
69. New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 15, 16, 1864.
70. Ibid, Sept. 2, 26, 1865.
71. Christian Recorder, May 19, 1866.
72. New Orleans Tribune, Nov. 11, Oct. 23, 1866.
73. Colored Tennessean, Aug. 12, 1865 (Convention of the Colored People); New York Times, April 25, 1865 (Petition from “the colored men of East Tennessee”). See also New Orleans Tribune, April 4, July 25, 1865, Sept. 13, 1866.
74. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 3–4.
75. Christian Recorder, Aug. 25, 1866. See also “The Negro an Inferior Race,” in ibid., Nov. 20, 1869 (D. A. Straker)
76. Ibid., Oct. 4, 1877 (“Race Characteristics”).
77. Ibid., Nov. 21, 1868 (“The American Negro”).
78. Blassingame