Blink_ The Power of Thinking Without Thinking - Malcolm Gladwell [102]
For more on the IAT, see Anthony G. Greenwald, Debbie E. McGhee, and Jordan L. K. Schwartz, “Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 6 (1998): 1464–1480.
For an excellent treatment of the height issue, see Nancy Etcoff, Survival of the Prettiest: The Science of Beauty (New York: Random House, 1999), 172.
The height-salary study can be found in Timothy A. Judge and Daniel M. Cable, “The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income: Preliminary Test of a Theoretical Model,” Journal of Applied Psychology 89, no. 3 (June 2004): 428–441.
A description of the Chicago car dealerships study is found in Ian Ayres, Pervasive Prejudice? Unconventional Evidence of Race and Gender Discrimination (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
For proof that you can combat prejudice, see Nilanjana Dasgupta and Anthony G. Greenwald, “On the Malleability of Automatic Attitudes: Combating Automatic Prejudice with Images of Admired and Disliked Individuals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 5 (2001): 800–814. A number of other studies have shown similar effects. Among them: Irene V. Blair et al., “Imagining Stereotypes Away: The Moderation of Implicit Stereotypes Through Mental Imagery•,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 5 (2001): 828–841; and Brian S. Lowery and Curtis D. Hardin, “Social Influence Effects on Automatic Racial Prejudice,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 5 (2001): 842–855.
CHAPTER FOUR. PAUL VAN RIPER’S BIG VICTORY: CREATING STRUCTURE FOR SPONTANEITY
A good account of Blue Team’s philosophy toward war fighting can be found in William A. Owens, Lifting the Fog of War (New York: Farrar, Straus, 2000), 11.
Klein’s classic work on decision making is Sources of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998).
On the rules of improv, see Keith Johnstone, Impro: Improvisation and the Theatre (New York: Theatre Arts Books, 1979).
On logic puzzles, see Chad S. Dodson, Marcia K. Johnson, and Jonathan W. Schooler, “The Verbal Overshadowing Effect: Why Descriptions Impair Face Recognition,” Memory & Cognition 25, no. 2 (1997): 129–139.
On verbal overshadowing, see Jonathan W. Schooler, Stellan Ohls-son, and Kevin Brooks, “Thoughts Beyond Words: When Language Overshadows Insight,” Journal of Experimental Psychology 122, no. 2 (1993): 166–183.
The firefighter story and others are discussed in “The Power of Intuition,” chap. 4 in Gary Klein’s Sources of Power (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1998).
For Reilly’s research, see Brendan M. Reilly, Arthur T. Evans, Jeffrey J. Schaider, and Yue Wang, “Triage of Patients with Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: A Comparative Study of Physicians’ Decisions,” American Journal of Medicine 112 (2002): 95–103; and Brendan Reilly et al., “Impact of a Clinical Decision Rule on Hospital Triage of Patients with Suspected Acute Cardiac Ischemia in the Emergency Department,” Journal of the American Medical Association 288 (2002): 342–350.
Goldman has written several papers on his algorithm. Among them are Lee Goldman et al., “A Computer-Derived Protocol to Aid in the Diagnosis of Emergency Room Patients with Acute Chest Pain,” New England Journal of Medicine 307, no. 10 (1982): 588–596; and Lee Goldman et al., “Prediction of the Need for Intensive Care in Patients Who Come to Emergency Departments with Acute Chest Pain,” New England Journal of Medicine 334, no. 23 (1996): 1498–1504.
On the consideration of gender and race, see Kevin Schulman et al., “Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations