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By Root 1059 0

formed, 198; ideology, 199; kidnappings, 199–201, 205; organisation and structure, 201–2; struggle against state, 201, 207; campaigns, 202–6, 212–14 trials of members, 202–3; abduct and murder Aldo Moro, 207–12; government counter-measures against, 213–19; informers (pentiti), 214–19; tried and convicted, 219; decline, 220; RAF fails to co-operate with, 258; networks, 457

Red Hand Commandos (Belfast), 296

Redmond, John, 19

Rees, Merlyn, 302

Reid, Alex, 286, 316, 334

Reid, John, 337

Reid, Richard, 442–3, 465, 474, 507

Reinsdorf, August, 80

RENAMO (Mozambique), 145

Renard, Delphine, 131

Republican Sinn Fein, 332

Ressam, Ahmad, 433–4

Restorick, Stephen, 336

revolutionaries: Bakunin on, 37

revolutions of 1848, 69

Ribbonmen, 16

Ricard (French magistrate), 463, 504

Ricci, Domenico, 208

Rida, Rashid, 90, 352

Riemeck, Renate, 233

Rifai, Zeid al-, 158

Rinser, Louise, 233

Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Americans attacked in, 424; counter-terrorist measures, 480

Rizatto, Ciro, 262

Robespierre, Maximilien, 67, 70

Rochetaillee, baroness de, 81

Rohl, Klaus Rainer, 233–4

Roman Catholic Church: attitude to Fenians, 3, 7; supports war against Germany, 19; endorses Irish Free State, 24; excommunicates IRA, 25; and Northern Ireland, 26, 287–90; in Italy, 194; Basques and, 270

Romano, Yossef, 164–5

Rome: Red Brigade bombs in, 189; La Sapienze university riots, 205; hijacked Lufthansa plane at, 254

Romero, Carmen, 285

Rooney, Patrick, 294

Roosevelt, Theodore, 84

Roppolo, Maria Rosaria, 215

Rossa, Guido, 212

Rossa, Jeremiah O’Donovan, 10–15, 18

Rossi, Emilio, 205

Roy, Olivier, 500–1

Royal Navy, 495

Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC):

Catholics in, 288; Paisley’s demands on, 290; character, 293; anti-republican actions, 294, 296; reformed, 295, 323; removes UDA barricades, 300; Special Branch and E4A Unit, 326; battles with Loyalist mobs, 332; reconstituted as Police Service of Northern Ireland, 338

Rumsfeld, Donald, 451

Rushdie, Salman, 438, 472, 498

Russia (Tsarist): nihilists, 11; Alexander II’s reforms, 27; serfs emancipated, 28; student unrest, 28–9; Populism, 29, 31, 40–2; revolutionary movements, 30, 34–6, 42–59, 61–2; intelligentsia, 31–2; nihilism in, 32–3; peasants and revolutionary activists, 40–3; Third Department, 45, 49; pogroms, 51, 58; natural disasters (1890s), 56; reforms under Nicholas II, 57; terrorist tactics and technology, 57–8, 64–5; in First World War, 66; see also Bolsheviks; Soviet Russia

Russian Federation (post-Soviet): supports Serbs, 402; and Chechnya, 403–10

Russian Social Revolutionary Party, 47

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 56

Rysakov, Nikolai, 51

Sabban, Colonel Juancho, 455

Sabra refugee camp, Lebanon, 174, 186

Sacramie, Sir Iqbal, 498

Sadat, Anwar, 182, 184, 355–60

Saddam Hussein: war with Iran, 183, 347; bin Laden warns of, 377; invades Kuwait, 377–8; funds Hamas suicide bombers, 395; US policy to depose, 451; supposed weapons of mass detruction, 473

Saeed Sheikh, Ahmed Omar, 443

Sageman, Marc, 375–6

Sahab, As- (‘The Cloud’; Al Qaeda’s TV service), 470

Saidani, Mohamed Ben Brahim, 399

Saif, Abu, 397

Saiki, Omar, 506–7

Saket, Tunisia, 127

salafists, 353; see also jihad

Salameh, Ali Hassan (Abu Hassan): birth, 97; takes over from father, 109–10, 159–60; background and education, 160; and murder of Israeli Olympic athletes, 163, 166–7; terrorist actions with Black September, 171–3; Mossad hunts, 174–5, 177; relations with CIA, 175, 177, 348; disarms German terrorist visitors to Beirut, 238

Salameh, Georgina (nee Rizak), 177

Salameh, Jihad, 159

Salameh, Mohammed, 418, 472

Salameh, ‘Sheikh’ Hassan: leads attacks on targets in Palestine, 94 107, 109; flown to Berlin, 97–8; Haganah opposes, 109; killed, 110; succeeded by son, 110, 159–60

Salan, General Raoul, 123, 127–9, 131–2

Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira, 277

Salford: Regent Road Barracks, 13

Samudra, imam, 461–3

San Sebastian, Spain, 274–5

Sanchez, Illich Ramirez (‘Carlos the Jackal’), 153, 179–82, 187–8

Sandalo, Roberto, 217

Sands, Bobby, 325, 331

Saponara, Giovanni, 203

Saragat, Giuseppe, 211

Sarasqueta,