Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences - Alexander L. George [226]
567
This brief review draws on a more detailed commentary prepared for this project by Daniel Kelemen. The Putnam study is referred to briefly by King, Keohane, and Verba, Designing Social Inquiry, as a good example of combining quantitative methods (p. 5) and one which utilizes one of the approaches they recommend for increasing the number of observable implications of his exploration of the sources of effective democratic performance (pp. 223-224).
568
Putnam, Making Democracy Work, p. 176.
569
This commentary on Lijphart’s study draws on a paper prepared by Donald Share for Alexander George’s seminar in 1980.
570
Lijphart, The Politics of Accommodation, p. 181.
571
A detailed critical commentary on the evolution of Lijphart’s theory of consociational democracy from the standpoint of Imre Lakatos’ writings is advanced by Ian S. Lustick, “Lijphart, Lakatos, and Consociationalism: Almond and Lijphart: Competing Research Programs in an Early-Lakatosian Mode,” World Politics, Vol. 50, No. 1 (October 1997), pp. 88-117.
572
Almond, Flanagan, and Mundt, Crisis, Choice, and Change, p. 22.
573
Ibid., p. 619.
574
Ibid.
575
Ibid., pp. 618-620.
576
Ibid., pp. 24-28.
577
Robert Bates et. al., Analytic Narratives (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998).
578
Rueschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, p. 1.
579
Ibid., p. 4.
580
Ibid., pp. 4-5.
581
Ibid., pp. 36-39.
582
Ibid., p. 34.
583
Ibid., pp. 38-39.
584
Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World; see especially pp. 39-62.
585
Ibid.
586
Ibid., p. xxii.
587
Ibid., pp. xxvii-xxviii; emphasis in original.
588
Ibid., p. xxii.
589
Ibid., p. xxvi.
590
Ibid., pp. 59-61.
591
Ibid., pp. xxi-xxvii.
592
Ibid., pp. xxiii-xxvi; emphasis in the original.
593
Ibid., p. xxvi.
594
The commentary on this study draws on a paper prepared by Mark Peceny for Alexander George’s seminar in 1985.
595
Theda Skocpol and Margaret Somers, “The Uses of Comparative History in Macrosocial Inquiry,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 22, No. 2 (April 1980), pp. 174-197.
596
Walt, Revolution and War, p. 3.
597
Ibid.
598
Ibid., pp. 12-14.
599
Stephen Walt recognizes that the Turkish revolution was an elite revolution and that the American one falls somewhere in between an elite and a mass revolution. These are included for purposes of comparison with the five that he regards as being clear examples of mass revolution. Picking these five relatively uncontroversial examples of mass revolution, he suggests, “may reduce controversy over whether the cases chosen were appropriate for testing the theory,” p. 14.
600
Ibid., p. 14.
601
Ibid., p. 15.
602
Ibid.
603
Ibid.
604
Ibid., pp. 15-16.
605
Ibid., p. 16.
606
See, for example, ibid., pp. 16-17.
607
Ibid., p. 331.
608
Another limiting characteristic of abstract concepts such as containment or deterrence is that they are typically not full-fledged deductive theories that can be used to predict whether a strategy will succeed in particular situations. For a more detailed discussion of the relationship between concepts and strategies that uses deterrence and coercive diplomacy as examples, see Alexander L. George, Bridging the Gap (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993), pp. 117-120.
609
Gaddis, Strategies of Containment, p. viii.
610
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, p. 9.
611
Ibid., p. 34.
612
Ibid., p. 35.
613
Ibid.
614
This statement draws from a more detailed analysis prepared for this project by Daniel Drezner.
615
Martin, Coercive Cooperation, p. 10. King, Keohane, and Verba do not adequately characterize the purpose and function of Martin’s four case studies. They state that she carried out case studies simply “in an attempt to gather more evidence relevant to her causal inference.” They do not refer to her statement, quoted here, that she felt it necessary to engage in process-tracing.