China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [140]
93 North, Structure and Change, 45-58.
2. Democratizing China?
1 The most detailed and perceptive analysis of the political aftermath of Tiananmen and the CCP’s response to it is provided by Joseph Fewsmith, ChinaSince Tiananmen : The Politics of Transition (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
2 According to Pang Xianzhi, a senior official in the party’s history research department, Deng initially raised the issue of political reform after his return to power mainly to avoid another Cultural Revolution. Wu Guoguang, Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige (Political Reform under Zhao Ziyang) (Taipei: Yuanjing Publishing Co., 1997), 61.
3 Ibid. 486.
4 Deng Xiaoping, “Dang he guojia lingdao zhidu de gaige” (On the Reform of the System of Party and the State Leadership), Deng Xiaoping wenxuan,1975-1982 (SelectedWorks of Deng Xiaoping) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshc, 1983), 280-302.
5 Ibid., 283-300.
6 Ibid., 301.
7 Wu Guoguang, Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige, 438.
8 Deng Xiaoping, “Zai tingqu jingji qingkuang huibao shide tanhua” (Remarks on the Domestic Economic Situation), DengXiaoPing wenxuan, vol. 3 (Selected Worksof Deng Xiaoping) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1993), 160.
9 Deng Xiaoping, “Guanyu zhengzhi tizhi gaige wenti” (On Reform of the Political Structure), Deng Xiaoping wenxuan,vol. 3, 176-177.
10 Ibid.
11 Ibid.
12 Deng Xiaoping, “Jiefang sixiang, shishi qiushi,tuanjie yizhi xiangqian kan” (Emancipate the Mind, Seek Truth From Facts and Unite As One in Looking to the Future), Deng Xiaoping wenxuan, 1975-1982, 134-135.
13 Wu Guogtiang, a member of the task force, published his recollections of the task force’s work in Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige, which remains the most authoritative account of how China’s ruling elites debated political reform. According to Wu, the Standing Committee of the Politburo decided in September 1986 to set up the task force. Its mandate was to produce a document on political reform before June-July 1987; it was to be discussed and approved at the 7th plenum in August-September 1987 and made public at the 13th Congress in October 1987. Wu Guoguang, Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige, 20-21.
14 mid., 20.
15 Ibid., 20, 158-159.
16 Ibid., 73, 86, 102-114.
17 Ibid., 86.
18 Ibid., 210. In the Chinese original, dangzheng fenkai can mean the separation of the party from the government.
19 Bao Tong argued that dangzheng fenkai would enhance the leadership and authority of the party, establish a normal political order, and increase administrative efficiency. Wu Guoguang, Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige, 139.
20 Ibid., 150.
21 Ibid., 161-162.
22 Ibid., 259, 304, 339.
23 Ibid., 159, 274.
24 Ibid., 263-265.
25 Ibid., 163, 286-288, 314, 286, 388-389.
26 Ibid., 297, 290.
27 Ibid., 161-162, 214.
28 Ibid., 58.
29 Ibid., 91-92.
30 Ibid., 385.
31 Ibid., 153.
32 Ibid., 386. Zhao was open-minded. He endorsed the assertiveness displayed by the NPC in the passage of two laws. “It takes time to get a good deed done. This time, the NPC was not a rubber stamp on the passage of the Bankruptcy Law and the Mining Law. This has made the laws better.” Wu Guoguang, Zhao Ziyang yu zhengzhi gaige, 275.
33 Ibid., 384, 394, 443, 422.
34 Fewsmith, China SinceTiananmen.
35 Zhao’s comments were revealed by his family friend, Wang Yangsheng, in an article in memory of Zhao, published in Mingpao, January 30, 2005, A4.
36 See Tanner, The Politics of Lawmaking in Post-Mao China ; Dowdle, “The Constitutional Development and Operations of the National People’s Congress,” 1-123.
37 The docility of the NPC is fully described in Kevin O’Brien, Reform without Liberalization:China’s National People’s Congress and the Politics of Institutional Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
38 Ibid.
39 Ying Songnian and Yuan Shuhong, Zouxiangfazhi zhengfu (Toward a Government of Rule of Law)(Beijing: Falü chubanshe, 2001), 410.
40 Stanley Lubman, “Bird in a Cage: Chinese Law