China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [143]
101 One of the most enthusiastic promoters of village elections, Wang Zhenyao, expressed this view in his “Zhongguo de cunmin zizhi yu minzhuhua fazhan daolu” (The Road for Villagers’ Self-government and Democratization in China), Zhanlüe yu guanli 2 (2000): 99-105; also see Kevin O‘Brien and Lianjiang Li, “Accommodating ‘Democracy’ in a One-Party State: Introducing Village Elections in China,” The China Quarterly162 (2000): 465-489; Pastor and Tan, “The Meaning of China’s Village Elections,” 490-512.
102 Lianjiang Li, “The Empowering Effect of Village Elections in China,” AsianSurvey 43(4) (2003): 648-662.
103 O‘Brien, “Villagers, Elections, and Citizenship in Contemporary China,” 407-435.
104 Allen Choate, “Local Governance in China: An Assessment of Villagers Committees” (The Asia Foundation, Working Paper no. 1, 1997).
105 Xiao Tangbiao et al., “Zhongguo xiangcun shehui zhongde xuanju” (Elections in China’s Rural Society) Zhanlüeyu guanli 5 (2001): 49-59.
106 Jean Oi and Scott Rozelle, “Elections and Power: The Locus of Decision Making in Chinese Villages,” The China Quarterly 162 (2000): 513-539.
107 Bjorn Alpermann, “The Post-Election Administration of Chinese Villages,” The ChinaJournal 46 (2001): 45-67.
108 Wang Zhenyao, “Zhongguo de cunmin zizhi yu minzhuhua fazhan daolu.”
109 Renmin zhiyou 1 (1999): 5.
110 Tianjian Shi, “Election Reform in China” (mimeo, Department of Political Science, Duke University, 2004).
111 Hu Rong, “Jingji fazhan yu jingzhengxing de cunweihui xuanju” (Economic Development and Competitive Elections of Villagers’ Committees), www.people.com.cn/GB/14576.
112 Shi, ”Election Reform in China.”
113 Hu Rong, ‘Jingji fazhan yu jingzhengxing de cunweihui xuanju.”
114 Shi, “Election Reform in China.”
115 The most stringent standard means that the leading group of the villagc election must be directly elected by the villagers, that candidates must be nominated by villagers only, that candidates must be chosen by all villagers in a popular vote (haixuan), and elections must feature multicandidates for the villagers’ committee. Shi, “Election Reform in China.”
116 Shi, “Election Reform in China.”
117 Xiao Tangbiao et al., “Zhongguo xiangcun shehui zhongdc xuanju.”
118 Ibid., 54, 57.
119 John James Kennedy, “The Face of ‘Grassroots Democracy’ in Rural China,” AsianSurvey 42(3) (2002): 456-482.
120 Hu Rong, “Jingji fazhan yu jingzhengxing de cunweihui xuanju.”
121 Xie Ziping, “Fujiansheng 2000 niandu cunweihui xuanju diaocha shuju fenxi baogao” (A Report on Analysis of the Data on the Elections of Villagers’ Committees in Fujian Province in 2000), www.chinarural.org.
122 Cao Ying, “Jilinsheng cunweihui xuanju shuju fenxi baogao” (A Report on Analysis of the Data on the Elections of Villagers’ Committees in Jilin Province), www.chinarural.org.
123 Wu Miao, “Cunweihui xuanju zhiliang dc lianghua fenxi: Yi Fujiansheng 9 shi 2000 niandu cunweihui huanjie xuanju tongji shuju wei jiju” (A Quantitative Analysis of the Quality of Village Elections Based on Data on the Villagers’ Committee Elections in Nine Cities in Fujian Province in 2000), www.chinarural.org.
124 Liu Xitang, “Hunansheng 1999 niandu 40 ge xian cunweihui xuanju shuju fenxi baogao” (A Report on Analysis of the Data on the Elections in 40 Counties in Hunan Province in 1999), www.chinarural.org.
125 See Oi and Rozelle, “Elections and Power”; Alpermann, “The Post-Election Administration of Chinese Villages.”
126 Such instances were reported in Minzhu yu fazhi 23 (2000): 31-33.
127 NFZM, September 12, 2002.
128 Zhongguo gaige (nongcunban) (China Reform, rural edition) 2 (2003): 18.
129 Zhongguo gaige (nongcunban)