China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [144]
130 David Zweig, “Democratic Values, Political Structures, and Alternative Politics in Greater China” (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Institute of Peace Peaceworks no. 44, 2002), 45.
131 NFZM, August 22, 2002.
132 Tony Saich and Xuedong Yang, “Innovation in China’s Local Governance : ‘Open Recommendation and Selection,”’ Pacific Affairs 76 (2) (2003): 185-208.
133 Yu Keping, Zhongguo difang zhengfu chuangxin(Innovations by Local Governments in China)(Beijing: Shehui kexue wenxian chubanshe, 2002), 42.
134 Zhongguo gaige (nongcunban) 9 (2002): 6.
135 www.chinanewsweek.com.cn. November 22, 2004.
136 Melanie Manion, “Chinese Democratization in Perspective: Electorates and Selectorates at the Township Level,” The China Quarterly 163 (2000): 764-781.
137 Tanner argues that the Chinese state’s repressive capacity has declined since reform. See Murray Scot Tanner, “Cracks in the Wall: China’s Eroding Coercive State,” Current History (September 2001): 243-249.
138 Pei, “Is China Democratizing?” 78.
139 The Washington Post reported a chilling story of a political study group at Peking University that was penetrated by the secret police through its informants. The Washington Post, April 23, 2004, A01. Another story in TheWashington Post described the experience of a Chinese college student who published witty political satires on the Web. She suspected that the government sent a spy to befriend her and obtain all the information about her contacts. She was later detained. The Washington Post, December 18, 2004, A01. The disclosure about recruiting informants in Jiangxi was made in Jiangxi Gong‘anting, Jiangxi gong’an nianjian 2001 (Public Security Almanac of Jiangxi) (Nanchang: Jiangxi gong‘an nianjian chubanshe, 2002), 332.
140 For an example of the sophistication of these methods, see the Ministry of Public Security’s directive on April 5, 2000, “Gong’anbu guanyu gong‘an jiguan chuzhi quntixing zhi’an shijian guiding” (The Ministry of Public Security’s Regulations on Dealing with Collective Public Security Incidents). It details the rules of engagement. Shanghai gong‘annianjian 2001 (Shanghai Public Security Almanac) (Shanghai: Xuelin chubanshe, 2001), 346-351.
141 Ministry of Public Security, Zhongguo gong’an nianjian 2000 (Beijing: Qunzhong chubanshe, 2001), 211.
142 Pang Qigui, “Chuzhi quntixing zhi‘an shijian de jiben duice” (Basic Counter-measures for Dealing with Collective Public Security Incidents), in Renmin gong’an (People’s Public Security) 2 (2002): 26-27.
143 See James Tong, “Anatomy of Regime Repression in China: Timing, Enforcement Institutions, and Target Selection in Banning the Falungong, July 1999,” Asian Survey 42(6) (2002): 795-820.
144 Shanthi Kalathil and Taylor Boas, Open Networks,Closed Regimes(Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2003), 1-12.
145 Guobin Yang, “The Co-Evolution of the Internet and Civil Society in China,” AsianSurvey43(3) (2003): 405-422.
146 Kalathil and Boas, Open Networks, 13-42; Eric Harwit and Duncan Clark, “Shaping the Internet in China: Evolution of Political Control over Network Infrastructure and Content,” Asian Survey 41(3) (2003): 377-408.
147 Kalathil and Boas, Open Networks,40.
148 Michael Chase and James MLilvenon, You’ve Got Dissent! (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corp., 2002), 89.
149 The number of Internet users was reported in The WashingtonPost, May 24, 2004, A01.
150 Ministry of Public Security, “Guanyu jiaqiang gonggong xinxi wangluo anquan jiancha gongzuo de yijian” (Views on Strengthening the Security and Monitoring of Public Information Networks), in Zhongguo gong‘an nianjian 2000, 319.
151 Ibid., 320-322.
152 Ibid.
153 The Washington Post, May 24, 2004, A01.
154 Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing gong’an nianjian 2001 (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin gong‘an daxue chubanshe, 2001), 115, 116.
155 Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing gong’an nianjian 2003 (Beijing: Zhongguo renmin gong‘an daxuc chubanshe, 2003), 114-115.
156 Beijing Public Security Bureau,