China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [154]
27 The estimate for revenues not counted by the Chinese official budget was obtained from Zhang, “Chinese Central-Provincial Fiscal Relations,” 124.
28 ZGTJNJ 2003, 288.
29 Zhongguo caizheng nianjian1999, 476.
30 ZGTJNJ 2003, 281, 288.
31 Zhongguo caizheng nianjian 1999, 477; Zhongguo caizheng nianjian 2002, 388.
32 Zhongguo caizheng nianjian1999, 476.
33 State General Administration of Taxation, “Guanyu woguo feigaishui wenti de yanjiu.”
34 Wen Shengtang, “2000 nian fan fubai douzhcng” (Anti-Corruption Fight in 2000), in Ru Xin et al., eds., SHLPS 2001, 275.
35 The best example is the largest corruption scandal in Beijing’s history. Its executive vice mayor, who alone controlled the capital’s off-off-budget accounts, was accused of diverting several billion yuan of the city government’s funds into various illegal schemes and the pockets of numerous mistresses. He committed suicide in the spring of 1995 after he was tipped off of his impending arrest.
36 ZGTJNJ 1991, 223; ZGTJNJ 1995, 223; ZGTJNJ1998, 277.
37 This estimate is arrived at by comparing the official figure for total aggregate revenue in 1979, which was about 40 percent of GDP, with the estimated total aggregate revenue in the late 1990s, which included budget revenues, off-budget revenues, and off-off-budget revenues, and which was about 30 percent of GDP. See State General Administration of Taxation, “Guanyu woguo feigaishui wenti de yanjiu,” 8.
38 Ministry of Finance, “Xianji caizheng weiji jiqi duice” (The Fiscal Crisis of County Governments and Solutions), Caizheng yanjiu (FiscalResearch)5 (1996): 55-59.
39 www.chinanews.com.cn, February 16, 2004.
40 Yasheng Huang, “Administrative Monitoring in China,” The China Quarterly 143 (1995): 828.
41 Minxin Pei, “Civic Associations in China: An Empirical Analysis,” Modern China 2 (1998): 285-318.
42 www.chinanews.com.cn, June 25, 2004.
43 www.people.com.cn, December 13, 2004.
44 news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/2003-08/26, August 26, 2003.
45 Shanxi Provincial CCP Organization Department, “Guanyu jianli jianquan ganbu guanli jiandu jizhi wenti yanjiu baogao” (A Report on Establishing and Improving the Mechanisms for Supervising and Monitoring Cadres), Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao baogaoxuan 16 (2000): 9, 523.
46 Sichuan CCP Organization Department, “Sichuansheng dangzheng lingdao banzi chengyuan sixiang zhengzhi suzhi zhuangkuang diaocha baogao,” 33.
47 www.chinanews.com.cn, January 30, 2004.
48 news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2004-02/24.
49 Fazhi ribao (Legal Daily), April 16, 1998, 1.
50 Zhongguo jijian jianchabao (Chinese Discipline Inspection Gazette), January 28, 1997, 3.
51 ZGFLNJ 1992, 877.
52 Ibid.
53 ZGFLNJ, various years.
54 ZGFLNJ1991, 939; ZGFLNJ 2000, 1212.
55 For the full text of the report, see Zhongguo jijian jianchabao, September 25, 1997, 1, 4.
56 Sun, Corruption and Market, 47.
57 ZGFLNJ, various years. The data for 2004 came from www.chinanews.com.cn, January 21, 2005.
58 Wu Guanzheng, “Work Report to the 3rd Plenum Meeting of the CDIC,” www.chinanews.com.cn, February 22, 2004.
59 See note 10, chapter 1.
60 Xuexishibao (Study Times), November 11, 2003.
61 Caijing, April 5, 2004, 16-17.
62 www.chinanews.com.cn, May 18, 2004.
63 www.chinanews.com.cn, May 22, 2004.
64 www.chinanews.com.cn, May 27, 2004.
65 Dangzheng ganbu wenzhai (Digest for Party and Government Officials) 1 (2002): 27.
66 www.caijing.com.cn/mag/preview.aspx?ArtID=4527. Lu was later extradited back to China and sentenced to death.
67 www.chinanews.com.cn, December 7, 2004.
68 news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2004-07/23, July 23, 2004.
69 www.chinanews.com.cn, December 13, 2004.
70 www.caijing.com.cn, September 30, 2004.
71 www.chinanews.com.cn. May 28, 2004.
72 www.chinanews.com.cn, September 10, 2002.
73 See X. L. Ding, The Decline of Communism in China