China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [155]
74 Zhongguo dangzheng ganbu luntan (Chinese Party and Government Officials’ Forum) 1 (2000): 32.
75 Sichuan CCP POD, “Sichuansheng dixian dangzheng lingdao banzi nianqinghua jincheng diaocha baogao,” 24-25.
76 Ibid., 21-39.
77 Ibid., 25.
78 www.chinanews.com.cn, July 14, 2004.
79 www.xinhuanet.com, July 14, 2004.
80 Yu Jianrong’s research on the criminalization of rural governments in the late 1990s shows that the phenomenon of local mafia states is probably widespread in China. See Yu, “Nongcun hei’e shili he jiceng zhengquan tuihua” (Evil Forces in Rural Areas and the Degeneration of Rural Governments), Zhanlüe yu guanli 5 (2003): 1-14.
81 A representative collection of corruption cases is Dangqian jingji lingyu weifa weiji dianxing anli pingshi (Comments on and Analysis of Current Representative Illegal and Rule-Breaking Cases in the Economic Area) (Beijing: Zhonghua gongshang lianhe chubanshe, 1996). ZGFLNJ also contains a small collection of major corruption cases in its annual issue.
82 See an interview with Liu at www.jcrb.com/ournews/asp/readNews.asp?id= 128509 on December 9, 2002.
83 www.chinanews.com.cn, October 10, 2004; www.people.com.cn, August 25, 2004.
84 Awww.jcrb.com/zyw, May 24, 2003.
85 ANFZM, August 22, 2002.
86 ANFZM, February 20, 2003.
87 ANanfangwang (Southnet), February 27, 2002, quoted on www.jcrb.com.cn.
88 www.chinanews.com.cn, February 25, 2002.
89 www.chinanews.com/cn, February 18, 2003.
90 www.jcrb.com/ournews/asp, November 5, 2002.
91 www.jcrb.com/ournews/asp, November 26, 2002.
92 www.chinanews.com.cn, July 4, 2003.
93 www.chinanews.com.cn, July 3, 2003.
94 For a detailed account of this case, see Zhang Xianhua et al., Fengbao: ChachuXiamen teda zousi an jishi (The Storm:A True Account of the Investigation and Resolution of theSuper-Large Xiamen Smuggling Case) (Beijing: Zuojia chubanshe, 2001).
95 Most of these cases were reported on the Web sites of www.jcrb.comand www.chinanews.com.cn; others were selected from official publications specializing in the coverage of corruption and law enforcement, such as Minzhu yu fazhi and NFZM.
96 www.chinanews.com.cn, July 3, 2003.
97 This case involved Xiamcn’s two deputy mayors, two deputy party secretaries, seven key law enforcement officials, 13 percent of the employees of the local customs agency, and the heads of the provincial branches of the three largest state banks.
98 Yan Sun also documented numerous cases of selling government appointments for personal gain. See Sun, Corruptionand Market, 225-226.
99 Renminribao, June 19, 2001; www.chinanews.com.cn. November 29, 2001.
100 NFZM, August 22, 2002.
101 www.chinanews.com.cn, February 7, 2002.
102 Renmin gong‘anbao (People’s Public Security News),April 19, 2002.
103 www.chinanewsweek.com.cn, November 22, 2004.
104 Liu Haiqi, “Dahei bixu fanfu” (To Strike at Organized Crime, We Must Combat Corruption), Zhongguo jiancha (Supervision in China) 6 (2001): 48-49; www.chinanews.com.cn.January 22, 2002.
105 The criminal gang in Dong’an county in Hunan operated from 1993 to 2000; the local mafia state in Bangzhou, Hunan, thrived during 1997-2001; Liu Yong’s group in Shenyang survived for eight years (1992-2000); the Zhou family mafia in Qianshan county in Jiangxi lasted twelve years (1990-2001).
5. China’s Mounting Governance Deficits
1 Elizabeth Kopits and Maureen Cropper, “Traffic Fatalities and Economic Growth,” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.3035 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2003).
2 ZGTJNJ,various years.
3 www.chinanews.com.cn, February 24, 2003.
4 www.factbook.net/EGRF_Regional_analyses_AsiaPacific.htm.
5 BYTNB 10 (2002): 58.
6 Zhongguo gonghuitongji ziliao 1998 (Chinese Labor Union Statistics) (Beijing: Zhongguo gonghui tongji ziliao chubanshe,