China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [156]
7 www.chinanews.com.cn, February 24, 2003.
8 www.laborsta.ilo.org.
9 Zhu Yichang, “Woguo anquan shengchan jiandu guanli tizhi jidai gaige” (China’s System of Managing and Enforcing Workplace Safety Urgently Needs Reform), Jingji yaocan (Important Economic Reference) 55 (2002): 20.
10 NFZM, August 1, 2002. Coal mine accidents claimed 5,798 lives in 2000, 6,399 in 1999, and 5,670 in 2001. Wu Xiaoli, “Guanyu meikuang anquan jiancha zhifa gongzuo de xianzhuang yu jianyi” (On the Status of Inspection of Enforcement of Safety Rules in Coal Mines and Policy Recommendations) Jingji yaocan 42 (2002): 34.
11 NFZM, May 29, 2003. A government inspection of illegal coal mining operations in Guizhou in 2003 found that “a significant number of local officials” were investors in these mines. www.chinanews.com.cn, June 16, 2003. In a mining disaster in Nandan county in Guangxi in 2001, the county’s party secretary and other local officials accepted large bribes from the mine owner in exchange for permission to operate in violation of safety regulations. Eighty-one miners died when the mine was flooded. www.jcrb.com, June 20, 2002.
12 NFZM, July 4, 2002.
13 World Bank, World Development Indicators 2001 and World Development Indicators 2002 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank); UNESCO Institute for Statistics, available at www.uis.unesco.org/ev.php?URL_ID=5187&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.
14 BYTNB 12 (2001): 11.
15 UNESCO, Education for All: Is theWorld onTrack?(Paris: UNESCO, 2002); Table 1.1 in the UNDP, Human Development Report 2005at www.undp.org.np/publications/hdr.2005 .
16 James Heckman, “China’s Investment in Human Capital,” NBER Working PaperNo.9296 (Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau for Economic Research, October 2002).
17 Su Ming, “Zhongguo nongcun jichu jiaoyu de caizheng zhichi zhengce yanjiu” (A Study of the Policy of Fiscal Support for Basic Education in Rural China), Jingji yanjiu cankao 25 (2002): 34-42.
18 Wang Guijuan, “Jiaoyu jinfei nali chule” (Where Did the Education Money Go?), Gaigeneican(ReforInternal Reference)10 (2002): 21-22.
19 Lu Wangshi, “Caizheng jiaoyu touru youguan wenti yanjiu” (A Study of Fiscal Spending on Education and Other Issues), Jingji yanjiu cankao 94 (2000): 22.
20 Quoted in NTZM, August 29, 2002.
21 For a brief survey of the decline of China’s public health system, see Yanzhong Huang, “Mortal Peril: Public Health in China and Its Security Implications” (Washington, D.C.: Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 2003).
22 World Health Organization, The World Health Report2000 (Geneva, 2000), 152-155. For low-income countries, government spending on public health in 1997-1998 was 1.26 percent of the budget; in China, the figure was 0.62 percent. NFZM, May 15, 2003.
23 An example of the inequality in the provision of healthcare is that 5 percent of the health expenditures are spent in the seven poorest provinces in the western region, whereas Shanghai, Beijing, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang account for 25 percent of the health spending. Ibid.
24 Caijing,www.caijing.com.cn, May 16, 2003.
25 The privatization of the rural healthcare system occurred in 1984 as a result of township fiscal reforms. Caijing, May 16, 2003, www.caijing.com.cn; BYTNB 4 (2001): 10; Wang Yanzhong, “Shilun guojia zai nongcun yiliao weisheng baozhang zhongde zuoyong” (On the Role of the State in Safeguarding Rural Healthcare), Zhanlüe yu guanli 3 (2001): 18-19.
26 Overall, rural areas account for only 30 percent of all healthcare spending. BYTNB 4 (2001): 13.
27 Wang Yanzhong, “Shilun guojia zai nongcun yiliao weisheng baozhang zhongde zuoyong,” 17.
28 BYTNB 4 (2001): 8-11.
29 NFZM, May 15, 2003; www.chinanews.com.cn, December 3, 2004.
30 Ministry of Health, Guojia weisheng fuwu yanjiu (National Health Service Research), www.moh.gov.cn/statistics/ronhs98/index.htm; the 2003 data are from www.chinanews.com.cn, January 10, 2005.
31 BYTNB 4 (2001): 8; Wang Yanzhong, “Shilun guojia zai nongcun yiliao weisheng baozhang zhongde zuoyong,” 17.
32 www.chinanews.com.cn,