China's Trapped Transition_ The Limits of Developmental Autocracy - Minxin Pei [157]
33 NFZM, May 15, 2003.
34 www.chinanews.com.cn, May 17, 2003.
35 www.chinanews.com.cn, November 28, 2004.
36 The Chinese government’s estimate placed the number of HIV-carriers at 850,000 in 2002. But a UN AIDS report in June 2002 offered a higher estimate of 1 million. And a CIA estimate contended that the number of infected was between 1 million and 2 million. See Nicholas Eberstadt, “The Future of AIDS,” Foreign Affairs 81(6) (2002): 22-45; National Intelligence Council, “The Next Wave of HIV/AIDS: Nigeria, Ethiopia, Russia, India, and China” (Washington, D.C., 2002); www.chinanews.com.cn, June 27, 2002.
37 Only about two hundred people in China could afford to pay for the antiviral treatment. The costs of treating half of China’s AIDS patients and HIV-carriers were estimated to be 54.6 billion yuan. NFZM, November 28, 2002; Gaige neican 20 (2002): 47.
38 United Nations, “HIV/AIDS: China’s Titanic Peril,” Executive Summary of the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (New York: United Nations, 2002).
39 For an analysis of the rise in poverty in China, see Azizur Rahman and Carl Riskin, eds., Inequality and Poverty in China in the Age of Globalization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
40 Wci Zhong and B. Gustafsson, “Zhongguo zhuanxin shiqi dc pinkun biandong fenxi” (Analysis of Changes in Poverty in China’s Transitional Period), Jingji yanjiu 11 (1998): 64-68. A government audit found that from 1997 to the first half of 1999, 20 percent of the funds earmarked for poverty relief in the country’s 529 most impoverished counties had been misappropriated by local government officials. NFZM, May 30, 2002.
41 NFZM, July 29, 2004.
42 www.chinanews.com.cn, January 27, 2003. In the first half of 2003, 21.68 million urban residents received poverty-relief payments. According to the government, 28.2 million rural residents were living in poverty in 2003, down from 49.6 million in 1998. www.chinanews.com.cn, June 20, 2003; June 25, 2003.
43 Wang Yanzhong, “Shilun guojia zai nongcun yiliao weisheng baozhang zhongde zuoyong,” 17. The Chinese definition of poverty is less than 637 yuan in per capita income a year. www.chinanews.com.cn, July 17, 2004. World Bank data showed that the number of people living in extreme poverty was 376 million in 1990. The World Bank’s estimates suggest that the official Chinese poverty rate may be too low. See World Bank, World Development Indicators2003, 5. Based on the World Bank international poverty line ($1 per day), China lifted 14 million people out of poverty in the 1990s. But the overall poverty rate was 17.4 percent at the end of the decade. See Chcn Shaohua and Wang Yan, “China’s Growth and Poverty Reduction: Recent Trends between 1990 and 1999” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.2651 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank Institute, 2001).
44 See Elizabeth Economy, The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China‘sFuture (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 2004).
45 Qu Geping, ”Guanzhu Zhongguo de shengtai anquan” (Pay Attention to China’s Ecological Security), Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao baogao xuan 1 (2002): 4-6.
46 www.chinanews.com.cn, March 14, 2003.
47 www.chinanews.com.cn. November 29, 2004.
48 Qu Geping, ”Guanzhu Zhongguo de shengtai anquan,” 6-7.
49 World Bank, China 2020, 77.
50 www.chinanews.com.cn, March 14, 2003.
51 Jie Zhenghua, ”Dangqian de huanjing xingshi he zhanlüe duice” (Current Environmental Conditions and Strategic Solutions), Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao baogao xuan 12 (2000): 4.
52 Zhang Jun and He Hanxu, ”Zhongguo nongcun de gonggong chanpin gongji” (Provision of Public Goods in Rural China), Gaige 5 (1996): 52.
53 Center for Chinese Studies, Tsinghua University, ”21 shiji: Zhongguo jinru huanbao shidai” (21st Century: China Enters the Era of Environmental Protection), Jingji yanjiu cankao 97 (2000): 8.
54 Wang Shaoguang and Hu Angang, TheChinese Economy in Crisis: State Capacity and Tax Reform (Armonk, N.Y: M. E. Sharpe, 2001); Christine P. W. Wong, Christopher