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• Classic-Fiction

Investment: economic growth and; in foreign countries; by government in telecom service sector. See also Foreign investment

Investment system: reforms of

IPOs. See Initial public offerings

Irrigation system: deterioration of

Jiang Zemin

Jia Yongxiang

Jitong Communications Corporation

Joint ISP venture: by AT&T

Joint-stock banks

Joint-venture banks: Sino-foreign

Judges

Judicial system; fragmentation of authority ; independence of ; LPC monitoring of. See also Courts

Kaufmann, Daniel

Kennedy, John

Kleptocracies

Kornai, János

Kraay, Aart

Labor: marginalization of; proportion in state sector

Land: desertification of; in mafia states

Land rent

Law(s): administrative; economic; executive branch and; governance and; market economy based on

Lawsuits

Lawyers

Lawyers’ Law

Layoffs: of CCP members

Leadership: Deng and; stable government and

Legal profession

Legal reform; as task force recommendation

Legal system; CCP refusal to reform

Legislation: output under NPC

Legislative process: executive branch domination by

Legislature: local; national

Leninism: ideological decline and

Lianjijang Li,

Liao Gailong

Liaoning: local legislators in

Liberal adaptation strategy

Liberals: fall from power by; political reform under

Lifestyle: satisfaction with urban; Western impact and changes in

Li Rui

Literacy: UNESCO goal for

Li Tiecheng

Litigation: growth of

Liu Jingbao

Liu Liying

Liu Yong

Li Zhen

Loans: bribery premium for; rural borrowing and. See also Bad loans

Local finance

Local government: authority of; banking and; central government and; economic power of; employment by; off-budget revenues for

Local initiatives

Local People’s Congress (LPC); appointment and removal power of

Local protectionism; court judgments and

Local public finance

LPC. See Local People’s Congress

Lubman, Stanley

Lu Lei

Lu Wanli

Macroeconomic performance: grain tax and

Ma Dc,

Mafia: states; in village governments

Manion, Melanic

Manufacturing: unemployment in

Mao Zedong: CCP mass political mobilization under; mass terror and; official corruption after

Market(s): barriers to entry in; fragmentation of domestic; grain ; lack of complementarity and distortion of; state authority over

Market economy: decollectivization of agriculture and; legal framework for; rule of law as basis; weakness of institutions supporting

Marketization

Market reforms

Market share: for Unicom

Marxism: ideological decline and

Mass support: for political party

Mass terror: end of; selective repression as replacement for

Mastruzzi, Massimo

Ma Xiangdong

McCormick, Barrett

McFaul, Michael

Media: confrontations reported in; corruption exposed by

Migrant laborers: marginalization of

MII. See Ministry of Information Industry

Mining deaths

Ministry of Agriculture: fiscal crisis and

Ministry of Electric Power (MEP): telecom service sector and

Ministry of Electronic Industry (MEI): telecom service sector and

Ministry of Finance (MOF)

Ministry of Information Industry (MII)

Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPT)

Ministry of Public Security (MPS); information access and

Ministry of Railways (MR): telecom service sector and

Minsheng Bank

Mobility: of population

Monitoring: of corrupt officials

Monopolies: CCP as; under control of CCP officials; of grain procurement; of SCBs; state-owned; over telecom sector

Monopolists: maximization of short-term revenues by

MPS. See Ministry of Public Security

MPT. See Ministry of Post and Telecommunications

Muckraking publications

Multinational telecom firms: investment in China Unicom by

Municipal government: fiscal system and

National Auditing Agency

National Education Commission; awards and honors to academics through

National People’s Congress (NPC) ; constitutional oversight power of; legislative output under ; organizational growth of ; party groups