Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [158]
“… work by Martin Nowak”: Nowak, M. A., Five rules for the evolution of cooperation. Science, 314 (5805), 2006, pp. 1560–1563.
“New Energy Finance … recently put out a report”: Liebreich, M., How to Save the Planet: Be Nice, Retaliatory, Forgiving, & Clear. White Paper, New Energy Finance, Ltd., 2007. [http://www.newenergyfinance.com/
docs/Press/
NEF_WP_Carbon-Game-Theory_05.pdf]
“impact on policy-making research regarding government response to terrorism, arms control, and environmental governance policies”: For example, see Cupitt, R. T., Target rogue behavior, not rogue states. The Nonproliferation Review, 3, 1996, pp. 46–54; Cupitt, R. T. and Grillot, S. R., COCOM is dead, long live COCOM: Persistence and change in multilateral security institutions. British Journal of Political Science 27, 7, pp. 361–89; and Friedheim, R. L., Ocean governance at the millennium: Where we have been, where we should go: Cooperation and discord in the world economy. Ocean and Coastal Management, 42 (9), 1999, pp. 747–765.
“areas ranging from the maintenance of biodiversity to the effectiveness of bacteria in producing new antibiotics”: E.g., Nowak, M. A. and Sigmund, K., Biodiversity: Bacterial game dynamics. Nature, 418, 2002, pp. 138–139; Wiener, P., Antibiotic production in a spatially structured environment. Ecology Letters, 3(2), 2000, pp. 122–130.
“All models are wrong”: Box, G.E.P. and Draper, N. R., Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces. New York: Wiley 1997, p. 424.
“Replication is one of the hallmarks”: Axelrod R., Advancing the art of simulation in the social sciences. In Conte, R., Hegselmann, R., Terna, P. (editors), Simulating Social Phenomena. (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems 456). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1997.
“Bernardo Huberman and Natalie Glance re-implemented”: Huberman, B. A. and Glance, N. S., Evolutionary games and computer simulations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, 90, 1993, pp. 7716–7718.
“A similar result was obtained independently by Arijit Mukherji, Vijay Rajan, and James Slagle”: Mukherji, A., Rajan, V., and Slagle, J. R., Robustness of cooperation. Nature, 379, 1996, pp. 125–126.
“Nowak, May, and their collaborator Sebastian Bonhoeffer replied”: Nowak, M. A., Bonhoeffer, S., and May, R. M., Spatial games and the maintenance of cooperation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 91, 1994, pp. 4877–4881; Nowak, M. A., Bonhoeffer, S., and May, R. M., Reply to Mukherji et al. Nature, 379, 1996, p. 126.
“Jose Manuel Galan and Luis Izquierdo published results”: Galan, J. M. and Izquierdo, L. R., Appearances can be deceiving: Lessons learned re-implementing Axelrod’s ‘Evolutionary Approaches to Norms.’ Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 8 (3), 2005, [http://jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk/8/3/2.html].
“The art of model building”: Anderson, Nobel Prize acceptance speech, 1977.
Part IV
“In Ersilia”: From Calvino, I. Invisible Cities. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1974, p. 76. (Translated by W. Weaver.)
Chapter 15
“The Science of Networks”: Parts of this chapter were adapted from Mitchell, M., Complex systems: Network thinking. Artificial Intelligence, 170 (18), 2006, pp. 1194–1212.
“Milgram wrote of one example”: From Milgram, S., The small-world problem. Psychology Today 1, 1967, pp. 61–67.
“Later work by psychologist Judith Kleinfeld”: see Kleinfeld, Could it be a big world after all? Society, 39, 2002.
228. an “urban myth”: Kleinfeld, J. S., Six degrees: Urban myth? Psychology Today, 74, March/April 2002.
“When people experience an unexpected social connection”: Kleinfeld, J. S., Could it be a big world after all? The “six degrees of separation” myth. Society, 39, 2002.
“the ‘new science of networks’”: E.g., Barabási, A.-L., Linked: The New Science of Networks. Cambridge, MA: Perseus, 2002.
“the publication of two important papers”: Watts, D. J. and Strogatz, S. H., Collective dynamics of ‘small world’ networks. Nature 393, 1998, pp. 440–442; Barabási, A.-L.