Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [157]
“About a year ago, the Sacramento Bee ”: Lohr, S., This boring headline is written for Google. New York Times, April 9, 2006.
“At conferences you are hearing the phrase ‘human-level AI’ ”: Eric Horvitz, quoted in Markoff, J., Brainy robots start stepping into daily life. New York Times, July 18, 2006.
“Easy things are hard”: Minsky, M., The Society of Mind. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987, p. 29.
“All perception of truth is the detection of an analogy”: Thoreau, H. D. (with L. D. Walls, editor). Material Faith: Thoreau on Science. New York: Mariner Books, 1999, p. 28.
“a relatively new book written by a Computer Science professor”: Hofstadter, D. R., Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
“an even more impressive array of successor programs”: For descriptions of several of these programs, including Copycat, see Hofstadter D., Fluid Concepts and Creative Analogies. New York: Basic Books, 1995.
“the barrier of meaning”: Rota, G.-C., In memoriam of Stan Ulam—The barrier of meaning. Physica D, 2 (1–3), 1986, pp. 1–3.
Chapter 14
“necessary and sufficient components of all models in physics”: Garber, D., Descartes, mechanics, and the mechanical philosophy. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 26 (1), 2002, pp. 185–204.
“he pictured the Earth like a sponge”: Kubrin, D., Newton and the cyclical cosmos: Providence and the mechanical philosophy. Journal of the History of Ideas, 28 (3), 1967.
“intuition pumps”: Dennett, D. R., Elbow Room: The Varieties of Free Will Worth Wanting. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1984, p. 12.
“Merrill Flood and Melvin Drescher, invented the Prisoner’s Dilemma”: For an entertaining and enlightening discussion of the Prisoner’s Dilemma, and, more generally, game theory and its history and applications, see Poundstone, W., Prisoner’s Dilemma. New York: Doubleday, 1992.
“the pursuit of self-interest for each”: Axelrod, R., The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984, p. 7.
“the tragedy of the commons”: Hardin, G., The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162, 1968, pp. 1243–1248.
“Under what conditions will cooperation emerge”: Axelrod, R., The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books, 1984, p. 3.
“Thomas Hobbes, who concluded that cooperation could develop”: Hobbes’ arguments about centralized governments can be found in Hobbes, T., Leviathan. First published in 1651; 1991 edition edited by R. Tuck. Cambridge University Press, 1991.
“Albert Einstein similarly proposed”: Einstein’s thoughts about world government and many other issues can be found in a collection of his writings, Einstein, A., Out of My Later Years. First published in 1950; revised edition published in 2005 by Castle Books.
“Axelrod experimented with adding norms”: Axelrod, R., An evolutionary approach to norms. American Political Science Review, 80 (4), 1986, pp. 1095–1111.
“Meta-norms can promote and sustain cooperation”: Axelrod, R., An evolutionary approach to norms. American Political Science Review, 80 (4), 1986, pp. 1095–1111.
“Nowak performed computer simulations”: Nowak, M. A. and May, R. M., Evolutionary games and spatial chaos. Nature, 359 (6398), 1992, pp. 826–829.
“We believe that deterministically generated spatial structure”: Ibid.
“chaotically changing”: Ibid.
“That territoriality favours cooperation”: Sigmund, K., On prisoners and cells, Nature, 359 (6398), 1992, p. 774.
“John Holland has likened such models to ‘flight simulators’”: Holland, J. H., Emergence: From Chaos to Order. Perseus Books, 1998, p. 243.
“proposals for improving peer-to-peer networks”: e.g., Hales, D. and Arteconi, S., SLACER: A Self-Organizing Protocol for Coordination in Peer-to-Peer Networks. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 21 (2), 2006, pp. 29–35.
“preventing fraud in electronic commerce”: e.g., see Kollock, P., The production of trust in online markets. In E. J. Lawler, M. Macy, S. Thyne, and H. A. Walker (editors), Advances in Group Processes,