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Pearson, H. What is a gene? Nature, 441, 2006, pp. 399–401.

Pierce, J. R. An Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols, Signals, and Noise. New York: Dover, 1980. (First edition, 1961.)

Pines, D. (editor). Emerging Syntheses in Science. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1988.

Poincaré, H. Science and Method. Translated by Francis Maitland. London: Nelson and Sons, 1914.

Poundstone, W. The Recursive Universe. William Morrow, 1984.

Poundstone, W. Prisoner’s Dilemma. New York: Doubleday, 1992.

Price, D. J. Networks of scientific papers. Science 149, 1965, pp. 510–515.

Provine, W. B. The Origins of Theoretical Population Genetics. University of Chicago Press, 1971.

Rapoport, A. General System Theory: Essential Concepts and Applications, Cambridge, MA: Abacus Press, 1986.

Redner, S. How popular is your paper? An empirical study of the citation distribution. European Physical Journal B, 4(2), 1998, pp. 131–134.

Regis, E. Who Got Einstein’s Office? Eccentricity and genius at the Institute for Advanced Study. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley, 1987.

Rendell, P. Turing universality of the game of Life. In A. Adamatzky (editor), Collision-Based Computing. London: Springer-Verlag, 2001, pp. 513–539.

Robbins, K. E., Lemey, P., Pybus, O. G., Jaffe, H. W., Youngpairoj, A. S., Brown, T. M., Salemi, M., Vandamme, A. M. and Kalish, M. L., U.S. human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic: Date of origin, population history, and characterization of early strains. Journal of Virology, 77(11), 2003, pp. 6359–6366.

Rota, G-C, In memoriam of Stan Ulam—The barrier of meaning. Physica D, 2, 1986, pp. 1–3.

Rothman, T. The evolution of entropy. Chapter 4 in Science à la Mode. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989.

Russell, B. A History of Western Philosophy, Touchstone, 1967 (First edition, 1901.)

Schlossberg, D. LAX Computer Crash Strands International Passengers. ConsumerAffairs.com, August 13, 2007. [http://www.consumeraffairs.com/news04/2007/08/lax_computers.html].

Schneeberger, A. Mercer, C. H., Gregson, S. A., Ferguson, N. M., Nyamukapa, C. A., Anderson, R. M., Johnson, A. M., and Garnett, G. P. Scale-free networks and sexually transmitted diseases: A description of observed patterns of sexual contacts in Britain and Zimbabwe. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 31(6), 2004, pp. 380–387.

Schwartz, J. Who needs hackers? New York Times, September 12, 2007.

Selvam, A. M. The dynamics of deterministic chaos in numerical weather prediction models. Proceedings of the American Meteorological Society, 8th Conference on Numerical Weather Prediction, Baltimore, MD, 1988.

Shalizi, C. Networks and Netwars, 2005. Essay at [http://www.cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/weblog/347.html].

Shalizi, C. Power Law Distributions, 1/f noise, Long-Memory Time Series, 2007. Essay at [http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/notebooks/power-laws.html].

Shannon, C. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 1948, pp. 379–423, 623–656.

Shaw, G. B. Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress. Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2004. (Originally published 1919.)

Shouse, B. Getting the behavior of social insects to compute. Science, 295(5564), 2002, p. 2357.

Sigmund, K. On prisoners and cells. Nature, 359(6398), 1992, p. 774.

Simon, H. A. On a class of skew distribution functions. Biometrika 42(3–4), 1955, p. 425.

Simon, H. A. The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 106(6), 1962, pp. 467–482.

Sompayrac, L. M. How the Immune System Works, 2nd edition, Blackwell Publishing, 1991.

Stam, C. J. and Reijneveld, J. C. Graph theoretical analysis of complex networks in the brain. Nonlinear Biomedical Physics, 1(1), 2007, p. 3.

Stoppard, T. Arcadia. New York: Faber & Faber, 1993.

Strogatz, S. Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.

Strogatz, S. Sync: How Order Emerges from Chaos in the Universe, Nature, and Daily Life.