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Szilard, L. On the decrease of entropy in a thermodynamic system by the intervention of intelligent beings. Zeitschrift fuer Physik, 53, 1929, pp. 840–856.

Tattersall, I. Becoming Human: Evolution and Human Uniqueness. New York: Harvest Books, 1999.

Travis, J. Eye-opening gene. Science News Online, May 10, 1997.

Turing, A. M. On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2(42), 1936, pp. 230–265.

Ulam, S. M. and von Neumann, J. On combination of stochastic and deterministic processes (abstract). Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 53, 1947, 1120.

Varn, D. P., Canright, G. S., and Crutchfield, J. P. Discovering planar disorder in close-packed structures from X-ray diffraction: Beyond the fault model. Physical Review B, 66, 2002, pp. 174110-1–174110-4.

Verhulst, P.-F. Recherches mathematiques sur la loi d’accroissement de la population. Nouv. mem. de l’Academie Royale des Sci. et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles 18, 1845, pp. 1–41.

Von Bertalanffy, L. An outline of general system theory. The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 1(92), 1950, 134–165.

Von Bertalanffy, L. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications, New York: G. Braziller, 1969.

Von Neumann, J. Theory of Self-Reproducing Automata (edited and completed by A. W. Burks). Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1966.

Wagner, N. R. The logistic equation in random number generation. Proceedings of the Thirtieth Annual Allerton Conference on Communications, Control, and Computing, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1993, pp. 922–931.

Wang, H. Reflections on Kurt Gödel. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1987.

Watts, D. J. Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age. New York: Norton, 2003.

Watts, D. J. and Strogatz, S. H. Collective dynamics of ‘small world’ networks. Nature, 393, 1998, pp. 440–442.

Weiner, J. The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Wiener, N. The Human Use of Human Beings. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1950.

Wiener, N. Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1948.

Wiener, P. Antibiotic production in a spatially structured environment. Ecology Letters, 3(2), 2000, pp. 122–130.

West, G. B., Brown, J. H., and Enquist, B. J. The fourth dimension of life: Fractal geometry and allometric scaling of organisms. Science, 284, 1999, pp. 1677–1679.

West, G. B. and Brown, J. H. Life’s universal scaling laws. Physics Today, 57(9), 2004, p. 36.

West, G. B. and Brown, J. H. The origin of allometric scaling laws in biology from genomes to ecosystems: Towards a quantitative unifying theory of biological structure and organization. Journal of Experimental Biology 208, 2005, pp. 1575–1592.

West, G. B., Brown, J. H., and Enquist, B. J. Yes, West, Brown and Enquist’s model of allometric scaling is both mathematically correct and biologically relevant. (Reply to Kozlowski and Konarzweski, 2004.) Functional Ecology, 19, 2005, pp. 735–738.

Westfall, R. S. Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1983.

Whitfield, J. All creatures great and small. Nature, 413, 2001, pp. 342–344.

Williams, F. Artificial intelligence has a small but loyal following. Pensions and Investments, May 14, 2001.

Williams, S. Unnatural selection. Technology Review, March 2, 2005.

Willinger, W., Alderson, D., Doyle, J. C., and Li, L. More ’normal’ than normal: Scaling distributions and complex systems. In R. G. Ingalls et al., Proceedings of the 2004 Winter Simulation Conference, pp. 130–141. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE Press, 2004.

Wolfram, S. Universality and complexity in cellular automata. Physica D, 10, 1984, pp. 1–35.

Wolfram, S. Twenty problems in the theory of cellular automata. Physica Scripta, T9, 1985, pp. 170–183.

Wolfram, S. A New Kind of Science. Champaign, IL: Wolfram Media, 2002.

Wright, R. Did the universe just happen?