Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [174]
Yoon, C. K. From a few genes, life’s myriad shapes. New York Times, June 26, 2007.
Yule, G. U. A mathematical theory of evolution, based on the conclusions of Dr. J. C. Willis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Ser. B, 213, 1924, pp. 21–87.
Ziff, E. and Rosenfield, I. Evolving evolution. The New York Review of Books, 53(8), May 11, 2006.
Zipf, G. K. Selected Studies of the Principle of Relative Frequency in Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1932.
Zuse, K. Rechnender Raum. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg & Sohn, 1969. English translation: Calculating Space. Cambridge, MA: MIT Technical Translation AZT-70-164-GEMIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Project MAC), 02139, February 1970.
Zykov, V. Mytilinaios, E., Adams, B., and Lipson, H. Self-reproducing machines. Nature, 435, 2005, pp. 163–164.
INDEX
adaptation, 13, 128
balance between unfocused and focused
exploration in, 183–184
challenges to centrality of, 86
Darwin’s observations of, 76–77
as expanded beyond biological realm, 300
Holland’s general principles for, 128, 184
Lamarckian, 73
in Modern Synthesis, 83, 86
as requisite of life, 116
role in Darwin’s theory, 78–79
role of information in, 146, 170
See also evolution; natural selection
Albert, Réka, 230, 252, 294
algebraic topology, 21
algorithm, 129, 145
ant-colony optimization, 184
genetic (see genetic algorithms)
PageRank, 258
pseudo-random number generation, 133, 155, 306
for Turing machine, 63
algorithmic information content, 98–99
allele, 80–82
alternative splicing, 275
amino acids, 89–92, 140, 275
analogy
between ant colonies and brains, 5
as central to intelligence, 188, 208
conceptual slippage in, 188, 191–193, 196–197, 202, 206
definition of, 187
in definition of Shannon entropy, 54
between DNA and self-copying program, 122
between effective complexity and scientific theory formation, 99
examples of, 187–188
letter-string microworld for, 190–193
as modeled by the Copycat program, 193–208
Anderson, Phillip, 234
ant colonies, 3–5, 145, 176–178, 180–184, 195, 212
information processing (or computation) in, 176–178, 179–185, 195–196
ant colony optimization algorithms, 184
antibodies, 8–9, 172, 174–175, 195
anticodons, 91–92
antigens, 173–175, 180–183, 195
Antonopoulos, Andreas, 257
Aristotle, 16–17, 113
arrow of time, 43
artificial immune systems, 184
artificial intelligence (AI), x, 55, 185, 187, 190, 208, 227, 298
artificial life, 115–116, 292, 298
Ashby, W. Ross, 296–297
Aspray, William, 297
attractors, 30, 32, 34–35, 38, 103
in random Boolean networks, 285, 287
autonomy
as requisite for life, 116
autopoiesis, 298
Axelrod, Robert, 214–219, 222–224
Bak, Per, 303
Barabási, Albert-László, 230, 232–233, 249, 252–254, 294
basal metabolic rate. See metabolic rate
base pairs. See bases (genetic)
bases (genetic), 90–93, 96, 278. See also nucleotides
Bateson, Gregory, 296–297
B cells, 9, 172–176, 195
Beagle, H.M.S., 75–76
Beinhocker, Eric, 40
bell-curve distribution, 243–244, 269
Bennett, Charles, 46–47, 100–102
bifurcation, 34–36, 38, 285, 298
bifurcation diagram, 34–36, 103
biological constraints, 85–86, 281, 287
biologically inspired computation, 184–185, 207. See also genetic algorithms
bit of information, 45, 54
Boltzmann, Ludwig, 47–51, 307
Boltzmann entropy, 50–51, 307
Bonhoeffor, Sebastian, 223
Boole, George, 283
Boolean function, 283
Boolean networks. See random Boolean networks
Box, George, 222
brain, 5–7, 125, 168
as a computer, 56, 69, 145, 158, 168
as a network, 229, 238–239, 247–248
Brillouin, Leon, 46
Brown, James, 262–267, 294, 300
Buddha, 71
Buffon, Louis Leclerk de, 72
Burks, Alice, 57
Burks, Arthur, 57, 123, 145
CA. See cellular automata
calculus, 18, 301–302
of complexity, 301–303
Calvino, Italo, 225
Carnot, Sadi,