Complexity_ A Guided Tour - Melanie Mitchell [176]
perception of meaning by, 208
perceptual structures in, 198–206
Slipnet, 196
temperature, 198
Workspace, 197
Coullet, Pierre, 28
Crick, Francis, 89, 93, 274
Crutchfield, James, 94, 102–103, 164, 166, 293, 303
cybernetics, 125, 296–299
cytokines, 176, 179–180, 208
Darwin, Charles, 72–79, 81, 97, 124, 128, 273, 280
Darwin, Erasmus, 73
Darwinian evolution (or Darwinism)
in computers (see genetic algorithms)
defense of, 288
in the immune system, 9
major ideas of, 78
origin of the theory of, 72–79
principles of, under Modern Synthesis, 83
of strategies in the Prisoner’s dilemma, 216
synthesis with Mendel’s theory, 81–84
See also natural selection
Das, Rajarshi, 160
Dawkins, Richard, 87
de Buffon, Louis Leclerk, 72
decision problem. See Entscheidungsproblem
definite procedures, 58–61, 63–68
defined as Turing machines, 63–64
degree distributions, 235–236, 239–240, 251–255
of scale-free networks, 245, 248
of the Web, 240–244, 265
Delbrück, Max, 297
Dennett, Daniel, 72, 211
deoxyribonucleic acid. See DNA
Descartes, René, ix, 210
dimension
spatial, 107–108
fractal, 107–109, 264–265
diploid organism, 88
DNA, 79, 89
complete sequence of, 276
engineering, 274
information content of, 98–99
junk, 96, 99, 278, 280
mechanics of, 90–93
methylation of, 276
new ideas about, 274–276
patents on, 277
rate of change in, 267
self-replication of, 122
shuffling of in lymphocytes, 174
similarity of (in different species), 277–278
switches in, 278–280
transcription of, 90–93, 249
translation of, 91–93
of yeast, 96
See also genes
dominant allele, 80–82
double logarithmic plot, 261, 320
Dow Jones Industrial Average, 11
Draper, Norman, 222
Drescher, Melvin, 213
Dugas, Gaetan, 250
dynamical systems theory, 15–16, 38–39, 285, 298, 303
logistic map as illustration of ideas in, 27–33
roots of, 16–19
See also chaos
dynamics. See dynamical systems theory
Dyson, Freeman, 126
economic networks, 230
economies, 4, 9–10, 222
Eddington, Arthur, 40
edge of chaos, 284–285
effective complexity, 98–100, 102
effective measure complexity, 102
Eigen, Manfred, 86
Einstein, Albert, 69, 72, 124, 210, 215, 293, 295
Eisenstein, Robert, 94
Eldredge, Niles, 84–85, 87
emergence, xii, 13, 286, 293, 301, 303
in cellular automata, 155
of complexity, 4, 155, 286
of cooperation, 215–220
general theories of, 303
of parallel terraced scan, 195–196
predicting, 301
of randomness, 38
in statistical mechanics, 48
of thinking and consciousness, 189
vagueness of definition of, xii, 293–294, 301
of Web’s degree distribution, 252
emergent behavior. See emergence
energy
definition of, 41–42
heat as, 47
in metabolism, 178–179, 258, 265
as a primitive component of reality, 169, 293
relation to entropy, 42, 47
in thermodynamics, 42–43
for work done by natural selection, 79
Enigma, 69
Enquist, Brian, 262–267, 294, 300
entropy
Boltzmann, 50–51, 307
complexity as, 96–98
decrease of in evolution, 79
definition of, 42
link with information, 45–47
in literature, 71
in Maxwell’s demon paradox, 43–45
Shannon, 51–54
in thermodynamics, 42–43, 47–48
Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem), 58–60
Turing’s solution to, 65–69
epigenetics, 276–277
Erdös, Paul, 125
Evo-Devo, 277–281
evolution
challenges to Modern Synthesis principles of, 84–87
in computers (see genetic algorithms)
of cooperation (see evolution of cooperation)
increase in complexity under, 109–110
Kauffman’s theories of self-organization in, 281–287
major ideas of Darwinian, 78–79
Modern Synthesis principles of, 83
modification of genetic switches as major force in, 279–280
by natural selection (see natural selection)
neutral, 86
optimization of biological fuel-transport networks by, 265–266
origins of Darwin’s theory of, 75–79
pre-Darwinian